????: '? ???'?. ????'??? ???: ?? ' ('+'?' Fort/Da) || slavaaa@yandex.ru || yanko_slava@yahoo.com || http://yanko.lib.ru || Icq# 75088656 || '+'?': http://yanko.lib.ru/gum.html ||

update 13.03.06

 

??'??? ? ?''??? ''???'

'?? ??????

?????' ''???''

??? ? ?'???? '. '. ???

??-????, ???, 2002

?????' ''???'''? '' ''???'

Recent Philosophers

a supplement to

A Hundred Years of Philosophy

by John Passmore

Emeritus Professor of Philosophy Australian National University

Duckworth 1992

?'? 1/14

''? 87.3 ?19

'??? ? '?%?? ?? ?????' ?'?'???-?????? ????'' 'Translation Project'

? ?? ?'? ? ?'? ''???? ?''????' (OSI ?' Budapest) ???''?' '?'?''? ?+%?'?' (??? ????) ?' ????

''?? +'?????'? ???????? ?'?'?????? ?'?? ?'???????? ??? ??

??????, '??

?19 ?????' ''???''. ??? ? ?'. '. '. ???. ?' ?.: ??-????, 2002. ?' 192 ?.

?? ??''?' ??+?? ???'? ???? ? ?????? ''? '' ''???'' ?' '''? ??? ??????' ????? ?''??? ''???'. ', ? ???? '??, ???'?' '??, '? ?'? ? ??' '' ''???'?'??? +?'?? ? ???''?'?' ??'?? ???  '?? ??, ?? ?'? ?'? ??'? ????.

''? 87.3

Copyright 1986 by Passmore John ISBN 5-7333-0035-3 Copyright 1986 by Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd.

??? ? ?'. '. '. ???, 2001

???'??? ?'???'? ??-????, 2001

??? '. ?. ???????, 2001

??-????, 2002

?'?'?'?.. 2

'' 1. '''??: ???' ? ??'???.. 4

'' 2. ???? ? ?????.. 19

'' 3. ? ?????? ? ?????.. 30

'' 4. '-'?'?? ? '????.. 46

'' 5. ?'?-? ? '?'?-?... 62

??????.. 85

??%??. 85

'' 1. 86

'' 2. 96

'' -. 103

'' 4. 111

'' 5. 113

?????T ???-?'.. 119

?'??'T ???-?'.. 130

 

???

???'?.....................................................................................................7

'' I

'?: ???' ???'????'?.......................................................9

'' II

'??'?? ??'??.................................................................................31

'' III

?' ??'?? ???'..........................................................................47

'' IV

'???? '??'.....................................................................................71

'' V

'? ?'?'?..................................................................................94

?????..................................................................................................127

?????? ?''?......................................................................................176

???'?'? ?''?................................................................................187

?'?'?'?

'? '??? ? '' '' ''???'' (1966) ? '?' ???? '?, ?''?%?? ??, ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? (1957). ????? ' ? ???'' ''? '? ?'?? ???, ? +?' ????? ??????? ??'? ?. ?? '? ? ?'?' ?'??? ???. '' ? ???' p ??', ? ??? ? ?'? ??'? ???''??????' ?'??'??. '? ? ?'?? ???? ? ? ?'?' ?+????', ? ? ?'? +''? ????. ? ?'??? ?'?' ?+'? ?'??%: ??????? ''???'?, ? ??, ?'''?? ??? ?'?????'??; ''? ?'? -?' ??+% ? ''?. ???? '??, ??'??? ?'? '?' '?? ' ??? ''???' '???'?'?? ?? ??????' ?''? ??? ??, ? '????'???'?? '?? ??-'? ???? '??. ????? ?? '?'?? ?'??? ?'?, ' '?? ??'', '? '''? ?'?? '?, '? ???'?? + ?''??'. '?+' ?''? '?? ''???'? +?' ???'???, ???? ?????'?'? +?' ????? ??'?', ? ?'?'? ??'???? '?? ?. ' ??? ??'??? ? '?, '?  ? ?'???? ?+?? ? ?? ?'??? ?''? ?'? +?'??, ? ???'? '? ??'??? ??''? ? ???????? ''???'. -'? ??''???, ?'???'???, ?+?? ??????? '?? ??'??' ?? ?????, ?'??? ? '?+?? ?' ' ???''??? ?? ' ''???'?, ?'??' '??'''??? ??' ??'. ?'?-?+?? ?-?+?? ?'' ?'? ????? '?? ???.

'? ?''? '???????? ''???'?'? '?'? ????'?, +? ? '?, ???, ?' ?'?, '? ? '???? ? ??? ? ''? '' ''???'' ? ???'??? '?? ? ' '?? ?+?'?% ??? ''???'?, ????, '?????, ???+?. ' '?? ?'? '??????'?' ??'?? ? 1966 . ?? ?? ??'??? ?'? ??'?? ?+?%'??? ???, ???'???? ?'?? ', ? '?+?'?? ??'? ???'' ' ??'? ??%??. ????? ' ?'?'?  ??. ' ??????? '?' ?'??'?? ??'' ? ?, ??+'???' 1983 . ?? ?  '?'? ?+??? ????'??'?? '??', ?'??' +'' ?'?'? ''???'? ??''' ?; ?'?-???? ?? ?'

8 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

? ? ????'??, ?'? +' ??????, ? 1966 . ?' ? +?'? ??' ????, '? ??'???? ??'??, ??, ?'?? % ??'? ??? ?'??.

'? ?'?? ????, '? ?? '?? ?? ?'??' ???'??? ???????? ''???'??? ''?'??', ?? ??, ??? ?'?'???? ', ?'??? ?'?? ?+'???. ??? ?? ????? ?? ?'?', ?' ???? ??? ?. ' ' ???? ?'? '? ??%?'??? ??''??? ??'??'?. ??? ?'? ? '?'?? ??????, ? ????. '1957 ., ?????, ??? '? '???? ''???'?  ?? ??'??'???? ? ?+'? ++'??'?? ?'????'? +'' ??? %?. ?? ''???'' ??'?' '? ?+ ??', ????'?? ???%?? ??? ??'?''???? ???????. ???'? ?'????? ???' (PhD) ??'' ?????'?? ?'? ?'?' ??''?. ???'???, ?'? ? ?? ??''??? ? ?''? ??? ??, ? ???? ? ? ???, ???' ? ++'??' ? ?'?, ???'?? ? ??? ? ??+??' ??'' ? ??? ??, ?'? ???'??' ?? ??+''.

??'??? ???+?'? ??' - ???? ?''? ?' ? ? ?''????'. ???? ? ??? '?? +??%? ??+'?'? ??+?'???? ??'????? ? '' '' ''???'', '?? 'Pelican Books'. ' ??'??%? ? ? ?'? '? ???'?' ??'' ? ???? '?? ?. ? ??'? ????' ?'?? ??' ?? ''?'????, ? ?'???? ? ?? ??''??? ? ??????? '?? ?, ''?'????, ?'??? ??'''??? '? ????'??; ?' ? ??' ?????, ????? ??? ?'? ????''?' +?' ??'????.

-' ? ??? ??'?????? ?'?'. ?? ?'?''??? %??? ???%, ?'???? ?? ???''?' ?, '?? ? +'' '??. ' ?''??? +?'??? ?'?, ? ?+'??, ?'??? ??'?+????? ???%? ??? ?', ? ??? +'??? ? ?'?. ' ??? ??? ???? ?'?? ?' ??'?'' ' +', '? ?? '? ???', ?? ' ?'?''??? ?'?, ??'?'??? ???'??'? ????'' ???'' ?? ??' ????''??? ?'??, '? ?'?? ?'????? ??'?''? ? '?'?'' ?'?? ?, ? ?+?'' ? ?'? ?????'?? ??'???? ?? ???. ???? '? ? ? ?'?? '?'?'' ?' ?? ??????? ???%?, ?' ??'??' ?' ???''???? ??' ????. ?? ?'', ?? ??+??, '?' ??? ? ??'??'? ?'? ?. '''? +' ?????? ?'? ?? ?????, ???'?? ?? ? ' ???''???? ??'. ?? ?? ???' ?? +'? ?? ??+?. +'' +' ?, ?' +' ? ?? ??+ '?-'? ?+?'' ?? ???.

??+?? ??'? 1984 . '.?.

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 9

'' 1. '''??: ???' ? ??'???

'????, ? ?''?%?? ' ??'??, ????+??? ? ???'??%? ?? ?'?? ?' ???? ??'??? ??'? ?'? ??????? ?'?-????? ''???'?? ? * ?'?, ?? '?  ??? ???'?'? ??'?????? ?+???? ?'' ?? ?' ?'?? ?''? ??????. ???? ??% ''???'?, ' ???? ????' ??+'? ?' ?'??'? ?'??' ?'?? ?'? ? ? ??' ?''??? ???'??'?. '?' ?????? ??, ?? '??'??' ??????' ''???'? ???? ??? ?'?? '??', +''? +' +?' '??'?, ?? ?? ' ?''? +' '?+???? ??????? ?''?. ????? ??+????'? ?'??? +?''???? ??, ? ??? ? ?+%? ?+?? ???????? ''???'??? ??', ? ? ?????'???? ? ?'???''??? ???? '? ?'???''??? ???? ''???' ?????'?? +?' ???+??. ?''??? ????'? ??'?? ? '??, +?'? ''???'? ?+'' '?'?? ' '%, ?'??' ??'?? ?' ??, ?''??? ?'? +' '?, '? ? ??? '?? ??, ??'??'??' ? ''? '' ''???'', ?? ? ?? ??''???? +?? ?'??? ??+'?'? ?'???? ?'?.

?? '?? ??? ? ' ?+%'? +?'??, ? ?'?'??? ??'?''. ? '?'?? ???'?? ?????'??? '?'? ?+??? ?'?-?????? ''???', ?? ? ??'??'? ??'?''??? ??'?? ? '?' ?? ' '??? ????' ?? ? ???? ?+'?'?, ??'??'??, ''???'?? '?, ?'', ''???'? ?' ''???'? ?'?'??' ??. ? 1957 . '?? ?? ???? ?'?' ?????'???: ?? ?'? ?''??? ''???'?, ? ???? ? ?+ ??'' ''???' ??'??' ??.

'???, ?' ??'???' ??'''? ??+?? ??? ? '?'?? +''? ??'??'?'?, ?? ?????'??? ??+???. ??'??, ?' ?'???' ?????'??? ?+'?'? ''???'?'??? +'' ??'?'', ?'??' ?'??'?? +?'??? '???. ' ''???' ???' ? ?? ???  ??' ?? .?.?, ''???' ??''.' .?-', ''???' ?'?? ?' ? .'??. ? ? ?? ??' '?, ?? ?? ??'????'??' ''???'' ?????'?' ?? ??'? ???? ' ?+'?'? ''???'?'???, ?'? '?'?'??'?', ?????'??? ?'??' ? ???'?? ? ''? '' ''???''.

'?' '??, ? ?? ?+?%'?? ?? ??'???'? '??, '?, ?'?, ? '?? '?? '??, '?+' ??'??? ?? ?'????'? ?'?? '''???'??? '?'. -'? ' ?? ??''??'???'? ? ??? ''???' ???'. ?' ????' ?' ?+?' ?+% ???'?

10 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

???', ' '?'??'??', ? '? '?+' ??'? ?'??'??? ???'???? ??????, ??''? '??? ?''?? ???'??' ?'???, '.. ??'??'?, ?'??'?? ' ?? ?'??'? ????? '  ??'''? ?????, ??, ?????? ' '???? ??'. ''? +''?, '?? '?'?'??'' ????? ''???' +''? ???????? ??'??? '''? ????'?? ? +?' ???? ''???'?? ?+'?'??.

?? ?'? ? '. ?'???'' ???', ?'' ? +?'?? ? ????'?? ?'?''??? ??'?'??'? '????, ?'?? ''?' ???', ? ' ?''? +'?. , 1970- ?' ???? ?+?' ???? ?+???' ? ?'' '??? ??'??'' (1971). ' ?'?? ? '?? ?', ????? ?'??? ?+??????? ??? ''???'??? '?, ? '?'?? ?????'?', ?'?' ??'?'? ??'??'?, ?? ''??? ???'??', ? ?? ??'''??? ???'?'. ?'? ?, 1978 ., ??' '? ??' ??? ?? ''??' ('Lying'). ???'? +?'?? ? ?'+??'' ?'?????, ? ??%?? ?'????? ''???'. ???'?''?? ????'? ??? ?+??'' ??+% ?''''??'? ?'? ?''??' ?+??''? ??? ??'? ???.

% +?' ?''??? ?' ? ???? ??, ?' ???'?'? ? ? ?' ??'???' ??'''? ?' '?, '? ''???'' ?' ?'? ? ' ??'?' ??'??' '?', '???, +??'', ???? ????%? ??', ???' ??????. '??' ?? 1960- ??, ?'? ??'??? ?'??''??? ???' ?? ??', ?  ??'' ??' ?+? ?' ??'?'?. '??'???, ?? ''???'', ??? ? ?''?? ??? ?''?, ?'??? ? ?'?' ??+?' '?' ?+'?' ?'??? , ? ??%?'?, ? ?'', '? ''???'? ?' -'+? ??'??'??' ??'. '?' +'? ???? ??? '?'?? ??' ?' '? ????? ?'?? ? ????? ?+????, +?, ?? ???'. ??? ?'???, '? ??' ? ?'?? ?'?', '?, '? ?'?, ?? '?' ?? ''???' ????' ??? ?', ??, ???, ? ''???'. ' ?'?? ?? ?? ?'? ???'?? ??'???, ??'??'?? ?'???? ?? , ? ??', ????+?'?' ?'??? '?', '? ''???'? ?'?' ??'?'? '? ?+???, '?+'  ' ?? ?', ''???'? ???' ?'', ?? +'' ??? ?' ??+????' '? ??'' ? ?'?? ?????. '?? ?'??? ??'??? 1970- ?' ?'' ?''?? ??'?? ' ??? ??, ???' 'Philosophy and Public Affairs' ('?'???'? ?+%?'??' ?'?????', ? 1971 .), ?'???? ?''?? '? ????? ''???' ???? ?''. ' 1980- ?' ? ?'? ?''''?'???? ?+', ?'?? ?'???'??? ''???' ?%????? ?''''?'???? ?> ?'?' ???? ?????'??? ?+%?' ???'' ? '?'??? ''???'' ' ? '? ?''??'? ?'?, '''???'?

'' I. '?:???' ???'????'? 11

??''. ? ?????'? ??'?? ????, ???%??, ??''???? ???? ''???'' ?'??'?? '?? ????'?''?' ??''? ? ??????'? ??+'?? ?'' ' ???' ?'??? ''? ' ??? ????' ??'. ?? +?'?? ? ?'???' +'' ??'?, '? ??' ????? ? '????''??'? ??'??'? ??+'?? ??' '? ?? ''???'.

' ?? ?? ??+??? ?''????'? ?'' ?''? '?'??? ''???'?', ? ???? ?????'??, ?' ???? ?'?'''?. , ?, ?? ??? ?'????', ? ???? ?'?', '? '??', ??% ? '?'??? ''???'', ?'??? ?'? ??'??'??'?? '''?? ?'?-?? ??????, ??? ??+?'??'?, ' ?? '??', ?'? ?' ''???' ?' ?'??? ?+??????' ??????. ?'  ??'??%? '?? ?'?? '? ? ?'?'?? ????, '? ? ?'???, '? ?? ? ?' ?'????? ''???', ?'??? '? ?+?' '%''??? ?+??????? '?'?? ''???'?' ?' ?'??? ' ?'?, ''???'' ???'?? ??+'?? ????%? ??' ????' ?''? ????' ? '? ???, ?' ''? ?'?'?? ?'??? ?'??, ?'???, '??, '??'? ?'?'?? ??'??%? ??'???. ?? ??'?  ?'? ?'? ????? ? ?? ??'?' ?????, '? ' +?' ?'??' ????', ?'??' ????'??'?? ?'?? ?'?, ??? ?+??? ? ???''??' ??'???? %? '? ???????? ''???' 2.

' ?'? ???? ?'?? +?' ?'???. ''? +?? 1960- ?? +?'?? ???' '??, ? ? ????? ? ?'??? ??'? ''?? ??? 1930- ??, ???? ?' ?? ????+?'?' +?' ?????? ?????'???? ???? ?? ?'?-???? ''???'?. '??'???, ???? ??'? ?'??? ?'''?? ?' ????, ????'??? 1930- ?'; ' +?'????' ?? ??? ?? +?'?? ? +'' ???'?? ??? ? ?'????? ?''?? %''? ?'?? ??. ' ??'''????' ??? ????'' ??? ?'?'?? ?'?' ' ?' '??'???? ??'. ????, ?? ?'?', '?? ? ???' ??? ?''??'. (-'? ? ?? ??? ?'???? ?'?-?????? ??; ????  '''??? ??? ??''?? '?'? ?+%? '? ?'?????? ??? ????'??? ?.) ?????? ??????'? ???? +''? '  ????, ??????'? ??'??'; '? ?? '+?'? ?+ '????' ? ???? '????'?. '? ??????'? +'' ???: ?' ????'??? ???? '-?????-''???'? ?????', ????' 1844 ., ?? ??+'???' '?? 1932 . ?' ???' ? ?'??? ?' 1959 ., ? ?'?? ????????? ????, ?????? ? ??? '? ?'?'???-???. '????'??? ??? ?'? ????' ? ???????'? ????? ? '?, '?+' ?'? ?''''?'??'? ?'? ?'????'???-

12 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'? '? 1960- ??. ? ??? ?'??' ?'?'???? ?'?'' ', ? '' ???' +?' ?'?'? ?'? 3.

?'? ??'?'' ???? ?' 1970- ?' ?? ?'?? ? ?'?-???? ''???'? '?'?'' ('? '? ???'??% ??'''? +''? ??????? ? ?'???), ?? ', ? ??? ??, ? +?' ?'?? ???? ??'??%? '??. ???? ?+?' '??'???? ??'??'?? ?+?' ???? ?'?'??'?? ???? ?''??? ''???', ''???' ????' ?'??? ??'???? ?', ?? ? ?' ?+'?' '' ?'? ?? ?'??? ?'???. ?? ''???'?'?? ?'' ??? ???' '???? ??'??'? ' ?'', ??? % ?? '''?? ????+??' ??' '??', ???%??' '????? '??, '?  ??? '??'''??? ?' ?'. -'? ?? ? ?''???, ?''?, '? ?? ??? % ?' ??'?'? ?+?' ? ?'? '??. ' ??'''????' , ?+?' ?'?'??? '? ?? ?'''???', ?'???, '? ''???'? ?' ?'? ?'? ???'?? ? ? ???? ?'? '?? ??' ??, ?'??? ?' ?? '?  ?'????, ?, ??'??? ?'???? '?'?? ??? '???? ?'?' (1845?' 1846, ?' ?'???'?? ??+'????? 1932), '?' ???? ?'??? '?+'.

? ? ?? '? ??-'? ??? ????'??? ''???'? ??', ?'? +''? ???? ? ''? '' ''???'', ?+?%??? -?'??? '???. ?'? ????'' ? % ???'?' ' ''?. ?? ??? ?? ????'' ?'?-?????? ??, ' ? ?????? ??'??' (? ?'?' ?'?'??? ?'???%??? ?+?'??? '??? ?'????'??? ????) %?' ????'??? ''???'? ??? ??', ?'? ??%??? ?', ''? ' ???+?. ? ?+?'', ?? ?'?'? ? ?'??, ??' ??'??%?? ??'??? ? +?'?? ?'????, ?, ??, ?'??' ?+?'' ? ?? ??',  ?' '??? ?'?'?? ??'??'?? ' ?''.

? ?'??'?? ??''??? ??'?, ??? ?'?' ?'? ? ? ???%? '? ?' ?''??? ?? ???''??? ?'?? ?????%? ??? ? ''???'? '?'?'' ? ????? ? '?? ???, '? ?'???? ?? ?'?' ?'???. ?? ?'?' % ?-'? ?+'? ? ?'??? ???. ' 1957 ., ? '?'? ?? ? ? ''? '' ''???'', ?'?-????? ''???'?? ?? +'' ???''??? ?+?'???, ??'?'?, ???''?, ?? +''? ??? ?'? ''???'? ??? ??, ?' '? ?'???''??? ?????. '??''' ???'? ???'?? ? '???'? ?'? ?+'??' ? ?'??''??? ?''??? ?'?'? ?''?, ??'?? ? '?? ?', ? ?'????, ? ?'?' ? '? '???? ?? ? 1966 ., ?'?? ? ??' +?'?? ??'??? '?''? ?? ?+'?'?' '?? ??, ?? ?'? +''? ????? ?. ?, '? ?-'? +''? '?? ?+?'??? ?????, ??''??? ?'??? ??-

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 13

? ????? ??, 1980- ?' ?' ?? ?+?? ???'?? ????, ? +' +?'??'? ??? ? +''?, ?' ?' ? ?''?? ?'????.

'??'???, ??+?? '?+??? ????? ?'??????? '??, ?'? ?+'? ??' ? ??+?? ??'? ?????, ?+'???  ??'??. '? ?'? ?'?? ??' ?? ??????? ???'?? ??''? + ????. ? '??, '? ??' ''???'', +?'??? ?'?,  ?' ?? ?' ????'?, ??'??? ??? ?'' '??? '?+????, ' , ???''?'??%? ?+?' ??, ?+?? '????'?? ? ???? ???. ?'?, ' ?+?', ??+?''??? ?'?'?? ??'?%? '? ?. ? ? ?? ???? ''???'?, ?'??' ?? ??? ??' +' ??'???'? +?' ???+??? ?????'???, ?' '???' ?'?' ??'? ????. ?? ?? ?'? ?????? +' ? ???????'??' ????.

????, '? ?''?? ?'?????? ?'? ??'??? +?'??. ??? ???? ?'? ?? ?' ????? ?'?. ?? ?'? ?'''?? ? '?'?? ??? '???, ?? '?, '? ?? ????' ??? '? ? ??????' ???, ?'?' ??', ?????' ????. ????? ?'? ????' ''???'. ?? ????? '????, ? ?, ??''?, ????' ??' ''???' '??, ' ?''??' ?'?. ''??? ????'???? ' ??'????'???? '??? ?''??, ????, ????'?, ???? ' ''???'? ?? ? ?'??? '? ' ?'''? ?' ???'? ???. ' '?? ???'??'??? ??'', ? ?? R?-? +???, ??'??'?? ??'??? '??? ?'?' ?? ????, '? ? ??' ? ????'? ?+ ?????? ??'? 4; '? '?????? '?'??'??'?'' ??'? ??? '?, '? ?''?? ???, ?' ?'??? ?'??? ?'???? '?'? ??%?; ''?+?'? '?? ?+?'' ?? ?''?, '? ?'??' ?'???? ????? ?'?' ??? ??' ???+? ?'????'????'? ..????? ?'???? ?? ''???' ?? ?'??' ?'???'?? ?'?, '? '? '?' ??+'? ''???' ?? ? ??' +''? ??? ????, ??? ???'?.

'?-'??', ?'? ? ?? ??'?'? ?'  '? ???, ? ??'? ?' ''? ' ? '?? ?' '?, ?' '? ''???'? '?+'???? ?'' ?'?'?? ?'?? '??', ???' ??'????'??' '??''. ??? ? ????' ?? ''???'? '??'?? ?''? ?'?'? ?''??'?, ??' ?'?'? ?'?, '? ??' ??????, ? ?'???? ' ?' ??'''??? ?''?? ?'???? % ???? ???? ?? ?' ''???', ?'? ??'' ??'?. ?' ?' ? ???? ??, '? ? ???? ?? ??????? '??', ????? ?+ ???? '?, '? ? ?''??? ''???'?. ' ?'?? '? '??', ??'?? ''???'? ?' '? ? ????. ??? ???? ? ?'?? ?????? '??'?? ? +?'??? ?' ??%'??

14 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??? ' ??????? ''???'?, ?'??? ?'??'?? ?+?'??? '???.

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

? ??' +''? ? ?????? '??, '? ''???'? '?, ''???'?? '? ???''??' ?'? ''???' ?' ?'??? ' ?'?, ? ''???'?? '? ??'??? ??'???'?? ''???' ?', ' ??? ???, ?' ', ?' '??'. ' ??'''????' , ??? ?' ??'??, ??, ? % ???'?' ?''?, '? ''???'?? '? ?' ?'? ???'? ''???'?. ? +?' ?'?? ???? ??' ??'??%? '??. ??? ?'?'?? '? ? ? +?' ???'?%? ?? ?''?? ? '?' ?'?'?. ('?', ????, ???'?, '? ?? +'' ?'?'??, ??? '? ??' ??.) ????????, ?''? ''???'' +?'?? ? ?'????'?? '???'???? '? ? ??+??? ? ?'+??'?' '????? ???, ?'? ?'?' ? ''???' ?+'???? ?' ' ??'?' ???. ?? ??', ???????? ?'?-?????? ''???' ?''? ?''??? ??? %? ???''??? ????'? ????'? ? ?????'? '??? ??'??; '?? ???'' ?'??' ? +?'?? ?????'???. '? ??? ???? ??' ?+? ? ?'??. ? ? ?? ???? ''???'' '?' ???? 'Journal of Symbolic Logic' ('-???' ???'??? '?'), ?? ?'????, ? ??' ?'??, +'' ??? 'Journal of Philosophical Logic' ('-???' ''???'??? '?'). ?'? ?''? ''???'' ??'???' ???'' '?? ??'?, ????' ???'' ??'''?, ??? ?' ???'' ?'? ?'?' ? ??'?'? ++?'???, ? ?'??'? ??'??? ''???'? '??. ??''? ''???'' ??''?'?? ? ?'?'??? '??, ?? ? ???'?? ? ?' ' , ??? +?'?? ? ??'?? ?'?'??; ?? '?'??' ??? ?'?+''??, ?' ???''??.

???'???, ??'?? ???? ?'???? ''???'??? ??', ???? ??''? + ???? ??'?? ?' ?'?'??? '?. -

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 15

? ' ?'?+??'? ?' ?? ?'?'??? '??? ''???'? ? ?+??'??, ???, + '??? ??'??, ???? ? ?''?'?? ??'?, ????, ? ? ??'' ???''??%? ??????'? ?? ???'?, ?'??' ???? ??????? ?'? '?'?'? '??'. ? ???'??'? ?'?? ? ????'?: ?-?', ?? ?' '?-'? ?'?'??? '?, ''????? ??'??? ??'?, ?'??' ??''??' ??+?? '?? ?'?'? ?' ? ? ? ?''??? ''???', , ?-'??', ??'?'' ''???'' ?'?? '????'? ??'??? ? ??'?', ?'??' ? ??%???' ?'?' ?'?'? ?' '+? - ???%?? ? ?????' ????, '+? - ?????+???' '? '?? ?+????? ?'? ?? ?'??'? ??'??'? ??????, ? ???? ??, ??? ???'?'?? ? ?'?' , ?????,  ?? ????.

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q ?'?' /?, ?', ?'?, ? ?+????'? '????'? ?. ?? ?'? ?? ? ?', ?' +' ??, ?' ??'?'' ???'? ??+?' ?'?'??' ?'? ??'?? '??? ??'?, ?'??? ?'?'?? ?????, '????, ????? '? '?? '??? ??? ??+???? ?' ?? ????% ?'?? ?????? ? '??'.

??? 1970- ?' ?-'? ?'?'? '??, ??'? ? % ???''??% ??????'?, ?'' ??'? ???''??''???? ??+??? %'?. ?? +''? ???'?? ????'?, '? ???? ?''? '??? '??, ?'??? +?'???? ?' ?'? ? ' ?+?????? ?'? ?? ??'?'? ???'?'? ??????; ?? ? +'' ?+?' '??, '? ???', ??+?' ???? ?'?'???? ?' (? '???? '?'?? ?'?' ?'????'? '?+?? ???? ?? ? ?? '?'??), ???? '+? ?'+???'? ?'????? ? ??% ? ??'?'?, '+? %%'? ?? ? ?'??%?? ????.

16 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'????? '????? '?, ?'?' ? ?'' ? ''?'?? '? ??'?' (1982), ' ?+? ??+?? ????, ?'??'? ?+?' ?????+'? '? '?'?? ?' ?'?. -'? ?????+'? ' '?? ???'????, '? ??'?' +?'???? ?'? ?????? ?'. '??'? '?? '?+' ?'??'? ?????+'?, ??? ???%' ? ?? ??'? '??'???? ??'?????' ???, ?'?%, '? ??? ?????+'? ??'???? ??%??', ???? ? '?? ?????, '? '?' ?? '??? ?'? ?'' ' '? ?????+'? ?' '??', ???' ???'' ??'??' '?+' ???? '??????? ? ??'???'?? ? ? ????'? ?'???'. ?? '? +?'??? ?'? ?' '? ?+%?'??' ?? ?+''?? ''????'? ?'??''??'? ??'??? ?????'? ???'? ?'??' ?' ??'? ?? ???' ?? ? '?' ?????%? ??? '',' '?, ? ''???'' ?'?' '?'? ??+ ??-'? ''???'??? ?????, ?? ?'? ?+?' '?????? '??'?''???' '?, ? ??? ?? ''?????' '???-???'???? '?, '? ??'? +' ? ????. ' ?'' ?' '?????, ?'????? ?'?'??? '? ? ?'?' ?''??? ?' '???': ? ??? '???'?, ?'??? '?+?''', ?'??? ??'''??? ??'?' ?'''? ???'?' ?????? ?' ??+??'.

??'??, ??? ?'????? '???'???? '?, , ????, '.. '?? '?', ? ????' ?'' ??'?'? '????? '??, ??+''? ??'??', ??'? '? ' '? ??'? ????? ? ?+?%? ???? ? ??'?'' ?? ?'????' ???'+??? %'? ???'?'??? '? ????. ' ?' ?? ?'' ?? ??' ??'???, '? ??'?? '??' ??????, ?'??' ??'?''?? ??? ?? ??+??'? ????'?, ?+?''??'? ??'??'?, ?? ???? ??'?? '?'?'?, ?? ????? ?''? ? ? '? '???' ?'??' ???''??? '????? '?. ? ?'  ?'''?? ??+?''? '??'???? '??', ??'?%?? ?? ? ????. ??? ? ?' ??'??? ??''?' ????????'? ?'?'??' +?'??' '????? '? '? ?'???, ? ?? ??'?? ? '??? '?'???? ?'' ?.?. '???. ???'???, +??'???, ???' '????? '?? ?'?'???? ??' ?' '?? ?'. ?? ?? ????' ??', ?? ??+?'??' ???', ?'???' '?' ???, '? ?'??, ??% '???? '? ?-'', ??'??? ?'???? ?', '' ??+?? ? ???? ?'?? 6.

' ?? '?, ?'??? +'' +' +?' '??? ??? ? ??? ?+'??? ?'?? ??'???? '??, ?.???? ? 1956 . ?'?' ?'? ?+???? '???? ??'?', ??? ??? ?'?'??'? ???'? '?'???? ?'?' ?'??? ? ???' '????? '?, ? ??''????% ?'??? ???'?. ' ??'??% ?' -..???-

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 17

????? ?.'.''??? ??'????' ? ??? '??? ? ???? ?'?? ??'?' +'' ??+?'? '?'?'?? '?', ????????'? ?+??? ??''??? ?+?' '''? ?'?'?' (1975). ? '? ?'?'???, ???? '?'?? ?'?' ???, ?' '?'?? ?' (???? ?'???'??'? ?'??) '?? ?-'? ?+??? ???' ?? ? ????'. ''???? ''???'?? ?'??, ?'? ??%?'?'? ?? ??? ?? ??????. (''? ?'?'??? '? ? ?''?? ??''?'? +''? ?'????'???? ???'? ??+??' ?????? ? ???.) ???+??? ??? ???? +?' '???'??'? ?+??? ??''? ? ???%?? '?+% ????''. ??'??? ????? ? ?'?+????, ?'? ?? ?+ ?', +?' ????? ??'?' ?' ?+ ?+??'?'?, ??'??%? ?'?'? ?' ??'??? ???'???'??' ??'?? ??'?' R??? ???, ?'? ?'? '????'??'?' '??. ?????'???' ?'?? ?? '?+??? ?' '??'? ?'??' ???' ?'????, ' ?'?'???? ?'. ?' ?'?, ????, ???, '? ?' '? ? ??' +''? ?'??'?, '?+'/? ?-/? ??' ?'??' '?+? ???'??? '+???? '?'? q, ???'?? ?? ? ??' ?+%? ??'?'???? ??????. (? '? q ?'???' q'). ?' ? +?? ?+?'? ? ?'??' ?' ???? ??'?'' ???? ?'??? ???? ? '??, ????'?? ' ???'??'? ??' ??'?'' ????, ?'??' ??+??? ??' '????? '??, ???+??? ?' ??'?, '? ? +? '??????? ?? ?'?? ??? ?'???? ?' ?'?' ??'? ????'?'? ?'''??'? ?''?? '? ' q, ?-/?, ?'?''???, q', ? +?? ?'??? ???? ? '??, ?'?'?? ' '?'?'???'?' '???'??'? ???'?, ?''?'? ?' ???'? ?'?? 7. ??? ?'??? ????'? ' ??'??? ??''? ? ??, '?' ''???'?, ?'??' ? ??'??' ? '?, '? ?'?'??? '?? ???? ?????? ??''? ?'?'?, ?'???, ?'???? ??? ?????'?. ??? ''? ?' ?+'?'? '????? ????'?'??? ?? ? +?'.

?%?'?' ??'? ?? ?+'?'?, ?'??'?? ? '??? ???'? ??? ?? ''???'? ?'? '???? ?''''?'???? ?''????'. ???'? ?'''?? ??'?, ? ??????? ? ?'??? ???????? ''???', ?????? ?'???? * ''???'?? ?? '?'?'??? '??''???. ?? ???' (? '???? '??) +?'?? ?'', ???%??' ???????? ????'? '??'??? +?'?, ?'??' ???''??' ?' ?'??? ?? '??. ?? '??''? ?'?? '? ?+??? ??????'???'?, ?? ???', '????? ?? ?+%? ''???'?? '???? ????? ??'????' ?' ???????? ?'?'. '?' ????'?, '? ?? ??? ?+??? ?

* ?? +''? +' ?'? '.'??''? ?'??-??? ''???'??, +? +?'???? ?'? ??? ''???'??? ???' ?? ???+?'' ?? ????''. ?' ???. ?.

18 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'?'?? '''???'?? ???'' '?? ', ?'??'? ??+'' '??? XIX '? ?'???? '?'? ??'? +''? ?+????? '??, '? ?'???? ??? ?'?' ?'? ?'', ?' ???? '?? ?? '''???'' ???'' ??????' ??? ?'? ?'' ?? ?'????' '?? ?'?'?. '??''? ' ?' ?'??; ?? ?? ' ???? ????'?' ''???'?, ?'??' ??'?? ?' '?' ??? ''???'?'?' ???? ?????? ???. ???? ?'?-???? ''???'' ??'?'?? +' ? '?, '? ?'?? ''???' ?'?' ' ?'?+'?'??? ???. ? ? ?? ??? ??? '????' ? ??+? ????''??' ??'????, ????'???? ????'?, '? ?'??' ? ??%?'?'? ?'? ?? ''???'? ????''???? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ?. -' '?? ?+???'?? ? '?'?? ? '??''?, ?? ? ' ??' ''???'?, ??, ???, ???+?, '' ??? ??'?'?'? ?'? ???????? ????'?.

?? ???? ??, ??? ''???'' ?? ?? ?''??? ????? ?'????'??, ? ???'??% ??'''? (???+??? ?? ? 1925 ? 1960 .), ??'??'?? ? ?'??? ''??'?? ? '??, '? '?'??? ?'?'???? ? ??' ??? ?'????? ''???'', '? ?? '?? '?? ?? ?' ?? '? ''???', ?? ''???'' ?? ???' '?? ?'??'? ?+%?? ?'??'??? ???' '???. ??-??  ?'?', '? ? ??%?'?' '?? ?'? ?? ''???'? ????, ?'??? ?' '? ''???'? ' ?'? '???'? ''. ' '? ??-'? ??? ??? ???? ''???'' ?' '? ?'?'? ?'????, ??+ '???+??, ?' ?''?? ?'? ???+?? ? ???'???'-??? ' ?'??? ??. ''???, '? ?' '?' ?'?' ??''? '??'??? '. ' 1970-  ?', ?' ?? ?, '? ?'???? ? '? ? +''? ??+'?%?. ??+?? ??, ??'??? ?'???? ''???'' ???' ?'?' ???'? ?? ??? ??'?'??'? ?????, ??' ?'???? ????? ? ??% ?'????? '??, +'' ???? ? ????+??' '???', ? '?'?? ?'???? ' +?'?. ???'?? ??'??, '??? ?'???, '??? '?'''??' ??? ?' ???+??? ?? ? '????'? ?''''??' ?' ? +???' '? ???''?' ??' ??????' ''???'? ? ?? ??'??'??. ?'???'' ??? ?+??? ? ??'' + ???? ' ?, '?????'? ''??' (1960) ?'??-????'? ..'??+?? ' ''' ??' (1966) ????'?'? ? '???. '??' ?? ''???'? ??'???? ???? % +?' ???'??'. ?'?, ? ? ?', ???? ''???'' ?'?+?' +' ?' ??? ??'?'? ???? '??''?, '? ? ?? ???????? ''???' ?'? ??'? ?+'?'?, ? '?+?? ???? ?'??' ???' ???'''? '?? ', '? ?' ???? ??? ? ?'?', ' ' ?????.

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 19

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

-' ''???'?'??? ???'?' ??%?'?'? ? ? ??. ?'???'?, ?'' ?' ??, ? ?'?'?? ?'? ?''''?'??'? ???+%?'??. ? '? ? ???'? '??, '? ''???'', ??', ??' ???? ?'?. ? ????? +?'?? ????' '?, '? ?? ??' ??' ''???'? ??, ??' ??''?? ? '??, ? ???'?' ???? '?? ''???'?'??. ' 1983 . ? '?????? ??'?? ? ''???' ????' ?''??' ??' ??'?? ? '  ? ???' ? ?'' ???'?, ? ???'?? ?? ??' ??'?? ' ??? ?? ?'? ???'??,  ? ?+???' '?', ?' ??'? ? ??? '?'?? ?'??, ??''?' ?+%? ?'??. ' ???'?' '??, '? ?'? ? ??' '' ''???'?'??? +?'?? ? ???''?'?' ??'?? ???  '?? ??, ?? ?'? ?'? ??'? ????.

* '?%? ???'? ?'? ''?+?'?, '?'???%? '?? ???'???? ? ??, ??? 1660 .; '??'? ?+%?' ?''?? ?+?' ?'?'? ?? '? ????. ?' ???. ?.

20 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'?? ? ??'?, '? ???? ?????' ????'? ???? ?'?????. ??? ?? '????? ''???' ???'?' ?'?? ''???'?'??? ?''??? ?''. ??? '? ?'??? ?'?'?? ''???' ?' - '???, '??? ??? ''???'??? ?? ?''? ? ?????'? ??? '???? ? ?? ' ?'? '???????' ?????, '?'????' ? ??? ???% ?'??. ?? ''???'', '????'? ??, ???'?' ?'??'??? '??? ? ???, '? '??? '?? ?? ??'? ? ?. ??? ?'?-????? ''???'? ??''?? ?' ?'???'?? ???'???, '? ' - ?''?, '? ' - ?'?? ' '??. ' '???  '? ?+?'?' ? ?.

' '? ??? '' '?'?'? '??''? ?'??' ?' ???+???? ?? ?? ''???'?, ????? ''???'?'??? ?????? ???. ?? 1960- ?' ????'?'? ?? ?'?'' ??? '? ?+? ??  ???'?'??? ??, ''??'??, ???, '??'??, ??-??? ?? ?'?'?. '?' '??, ?? ?'?'' ???, ????, ??'? , ? ???? ??, ??'??' +?' ?? ''???'?, ? ?'??' ?? ??' '?? 8.

?'?? ? ??'?, '? ?' ''???'' ?'? ???'?? ?' ? ? +?' ?'??? ???? '?. , ? -???' ??', ???? ??'? ??? ??, '??'?? ?' ??'???''?'?? ??' ? '? ??''?? ? ????'??? '?????'?? ???? '???. ?+ ?'??'?? ?' ?? ??: '?????'?? ?' ?????+???'? ???'?, '? ?'???? '??? ''???'??? ?''? ?'?'?? ? ?+???+'??? ??%???'?, ?'??; '??'??  ''???'? ?' ?'??'?' '?'????? ???? ??+??'?%? ???'? ?????' ?' ?????, ????? ??%? ?' ??'???' '?''''?'???? '?', ?'??? ??' ?'?'??? ??'? '''???'??? ???'', ??????, ?'???', ? ??? '?? ??%? ??? ?'???? ?+?'' ?? 9. ??'-?''? ?'?, ?'? ??'??' ?''???? ?? ?'?-?????? ''???'? ?', ??''??? ?'?'' ?'???? ??? ???' '???? ??'?+'?? ?', ''??'?? ?'????? ?'?' ???'??'? ???? ?'??? ???'?? ?'?, ???'?%? ???? ???' ??? 10. -'? ?'??? ?'''?? ?' ?'?-?????? ???' ? ?? ??? +'? ???? '?.

??? '' ??''?? ''??: ?? ?-??'??%?? ????''??? ?'??? ?'?-?????? '? ? ??' +' ?+??' ???? ?' ??'?? ?'?. ? +''? +' '???? ? ?''?, ? '??? -+??? ?? '''?? ?' ?' ? '?' ?'? ??'?? ?' ??? ??'??' '???. ???? ?'????', ?'? '?? ??? '??'??''??'' ''???'? ?''??? '?+ ?%?%'?? ??'???? '?? ''?'????? ?', ???%?? ??? ?? ??'??%?

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 21

'??, ?' ???? '?'?-??????' ''???', ?'? ??'? ??'? '?'?-????' '?'?''? ( ?'??'??? ?? ??, ?????, ???''??' +?'????'?, ?? ??' ?' ??????'? ???''??' ????), ''?, '????'? ?? ?' +?'??, ? R?, ?? ????. '?'?? ? ? ?''?? ??''?'? ??+?''??? ?'? ? '' '  ? ??, ? ???? ? ?+ ??'?''? ???' . ?'? ? % ????'?? ??+'?'?? ??''? ??' ?????'?'??? ? '??'??', ''??', ?'???' ??'?''', ??? '?'?-????' ''???'' ?' ?'? ??' ? +?'??? ????12. '? ??' ?? '?'?-??????' '??'??''????' ''???'? ?????'?? ? '?? ? ???? ?'????'.

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

-' ????' ?' ?'???'? ??'??' ????' ??????'? ''???'? ????? ??? ??? ?+???? ?' ????? ''??'???' ?'??%? ???'?'? ???. ?? ?????, ????? ??? ?''??, ???'??' '??, ? ?? ?'''?? ?' ????. ??-'? ??? '???, +?'? ''???'' ? ??''???? ???', '? ?'' ???, '? ?? ?' ?'? ??????'? ????, ??%? ???+????'. '?-?', ??? ?'???, , ?-'??', ?+'''? '?? ???? ?' ? ?????? ?''?, '? ??? ?'???. ' 1963 . .'.'''?? ??+'?' ???' 'Analysis' ?''?? ? ?'???? ?'??', ?' ?' ????? ????+ ?'?? ??? ???? ?'?' ??'????. ??'? ? ???'?' ?'??%?: ??'?, '? ? ?? ?'? ? ?????? ?''?, '? '??? +?' ??? ? ??'???? ?'???'? '? ? ?? ??? '' ??'? ???'; ?''? +''?, ?' ??'??? ?? ? ?????? ?''?, '? '? ? ??'?? ???'? ??? +?' ??? ? ???? ?'???'?. ??' ' ?'???, '? ?'? ??'''??? ????', ?? ? ?'?? ????? ?'???'? ?'?' ???? '?,

22 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

' ??%? ??'? ???' ???. ? ?'? ??', '? ?' ? ?', '? '?, ??''????%? ?'??? ????, +?' ??? ? ???? ?'???'?, ?'? ? ?? +'' ? ?????? ?''?, '? '?? '? +?' ??? ?? ??'''??? +'' ??? ? ?'? ?'???'?. ?????? ?''?? '''?? '' ??'? ?''? ?' ?+''??? ?''??'? '??, '? ?'?' ????' ?'??? ? ???' '? ???? ? ' ? ?'? ''???'?, ?'??', ?? ??? ??%? ????, '?'?? ?' ???? ????' ?'??? ???, ? '? '?+' ?'? ?? '?'??? 13.

'??' ? '? ?'? ''???'', ?'??' ? '?'?? ?'? ???'?? '???? ''???'?? ?????, ?? ????'??' '????? ???. '?' ? ??'?'?? +' ? '??, ?? ? ???'?? ? ?'? +' '?, ?? ?? ??' ???'???? ???'?. ????%? ????? ?'?' ?'?'??? ''???' '? ????'??? 14. ????'??? '????? ??? ?'?'' ??'???? ?'? ? ??. ?? ? ?'??, ?? '?' ??, ??? ???'?' ??%???'?, ?+'?% ????'? ????' ?? ? ????', ?? ?+??' ??? ???'???'???-?????? ??'??, ?? ???? '? ?' ??, ?, ????'??? ????? ????'??

?' ?'?? ??? '? ???%?? ?????? '??? '??'. ???' '?+?? ??+??? ?'' ? ?? ???? '??'? ?? ?'?' ????. ??, ?'??'? ?' ??'''??? ??'?, ???'?', ?'? ?'? ????', ? ???'?' ??%???'?, ?+'?% ????'?, ?+???+'??' ?'??'? ?' ?, ??'??' ??' ' ????'?. ?? ????  ??, ?? ???' ?+ ?????, ? ??%?'??% ???'???' ???, ????' '???' ?', ? ?'??' ??'' ??. ???? ?'?? ?'?'? ?+??? ?'??'? '??? ????' ' ?'?????, ????'? ? ?'?'?? ??? ??' '???? ??? ??

?' ? ?' ?'?' ?'??? ????'??? ' ?'? '? ?''. ????'??? ??? ???+?? ?'' ? ? ?' ????; ?'  ??? '?? ?'?? ???????? '?'? ? ?''.

??? ? ????'?. ????'??? ' ??? '????'??? ??? '?? ?+?' ''????' '?? ??' (1961), ???? ??'??% ?+?' ????, ?'??' ??'?? ''?, ? ??%?' '. ???+?? ???? ?''? '??? ???????, ?? ?'?', '? ????' ???'?' ??+?'? ??? ' ???? ?'???''??? ???'?' ?'??? '. -'? ?'?'??? ????' ??'?'' ???'? ??' ?'??'? ? ???' ??'. ? ? ?? ??????? ? ?'?'?? ?? ?' ?'??'?, ? ?'?'?? ??'??'? ??'?. '?????'? ??, '%?? ? ?'?', ?', ? ????'????, ?''?, '? ?? '? ??'??. ?'?? ?? '?', '? ??????'? ?? ?? ? ???' ????' ?'?????; ?? ? ???'?' ???'' ??'??' ?'??'?.

'? ?'?? ?????, '? '? ????'??? ?'???? '??? ?'?' ?'?'?'?? ?? ?'?? ??' ? ???'???? ?'?'???? ?-

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 23

???? ??'?'. Locus classicus * ?'?? ??? ?'?'?? ?''?? ??' '?%?%?? ????' ??' (PR, 1959), '?????? ??+?'? +?' ????? ??'?' ??? ?'?'? ? ??' '?'???'? ???'? ?'?' (1963). ' '?'?'?'??? '?? ?????' (1968) ????'??? ?'' ??? '?? ?'????'??'? '??? ???'???? ?'?'???? ????? ??'?' ? '?'?? '? ?%?%??, ?? '? ??''??' ???'???? '??, ??? ?'??' ??' ???'??? +'' ??'?? (?'? ??'??%? ??' ??? '?? ???) ??''? '??? ??'???? +???. ''? ?' ??''??' ???'???? ?? '?? ??''??' ??+?? ???'? ????'?????'. ''? ????'???  ?? ?'? ???'????, ?+'?% ??'???? ????'?????'??, ???'????, '???' +''? ???? ??'???? ?? ???', ???? ??'??? ???? ?''? '?'???'??'?' ?' ' , ??? ??' ?+'' ?'??'????, +'??? ?'???? ?? ???+??? ??? ?'???. '? ?'?? ?%?%??, '? ?? ' ?'??'?? ???'?????, ?? ???'????? '???'? '? '??, '?+' +''? ???? ?+??'?'??'? ??'???? ?? ?'??'??'. ? ?+???, ??'?? ?'?'?? ? ??-?+?, ?'?'?? ??%?'?? ??''??' ???'????. ??? ??, ?'?' ????'???, ?', '? ?' ???'???? ???????? ?'? ???'???? ?? , ?'?''???, ??%?'??' ???'???' ???, ?''? +''?, ? ?'?' ??'?????? ??' ?'' ????'??? ? ??.

?+????? '???' ?' ????'??? ' ?'???? '?. ??' ?'?', '? ' ?'?'?? ?'??????'?'? ???'?, ?'??? ???? ??''? ? ???? ????+???' '? ???'? ??'??' ' ?'??, , ?'? ???? ''???'? ???'?' '??, '?+' ????'?'? ?? sub specie aeternitatis **, ?? '?'?' ??? +'? ???'? ' ?? '???' ?''. -'?, ? ???? ????'???, ?'? ??? ????'? ??'; ?  ??+?'??? ?? ?'?'?? ?'?'???. ?? ?'??''?' '???' ?' ?? ????'? '? ?+?'?, ?'??', ???, ?' ?????? ????' ?'?? '?'?? ?'??'??', ?????, ????, '? ??, ??? ?'??'?? ???'?, ?? ? ?????? ??????? ????'? ?'?' ?'? ? ?????, '?  ??'?'?? ??' +''? ???'?.

'? ???? ?'? ? ????? ' ??? ? '???, ?'? ??' (1973) ????'??? ?''''?? ?' '????? ??? ??'??? ? '??, '? ?? ??'? ???? ?+?? ??''?' ??+?? '?'?, ? ?'???? ?' ???? ??? ?'?', ? ?'?? ??? ?'''?? ?' ?'?', ?'???? ?' ???'? ????'?, +? ??? ? ?'?' '?'?'???? ???? ' '?????? '? ?? ??'?' 15. ?'??? ????'????, ?'? ??????? ??? ?'? ' ????, ??? ? '??, '? ??-

* -??: '???? '?? (''). ?' ???. ?.

** '? ??? ???' (''.). ?' ???. ?.

24 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'??? ? '' ? ?'?'; ??? ??''?' ??+?? ???'??? ?????, ?'???? ?'??? ?'????, ??+?? ??? ??''??'? ???'????? ??? ????'' ?????? ??'?. ?? +''? ? ???'? ???, ?+'?'? ????? ?'??' ? ?' ??????

?'??? ?''? ????'???, ??'?  ? ???, ?''?, '? ???'? ?? '?'??'??, ?' ?'? ????'?????'? '????'? ?'?' '  '?' ?+% ?'????? ?'???? ?+??? ?? ?'?? ?'' ???''?' ? ?+%? ?'?'. , ?' ?? ??? ? '??, '? ?'? X ?'??+'?, ???' ?'??? ??' ??? ? '??, '? X ??', ?' ?'??? ?'??? ?'???? '?'??'??, ? +' '??? ?' ? ??' X, '? ?'? ???''?' ?? ?+% ??? ? '??, '? ?+''??' ??''.

' ?'?? ?', ??'?? ????'?? '?+?? , ???'?? ? ?? ??%?'?? ?'. ?? ??'''??? ' ?? ???' ?' ?' ???', '? ?'? ?' ??, ?' ?? ???'? -' ????' ????'??? ?+??' ?'????? '?? ? ??? '????' ???'? ?'?' (1978). ?? ????'?? ?'?' ???? ?? '??? '??: ????'?'? ( ??'??' ??' ''???'?), '?'?'???'?' ? '.?.'?' '????'?'?', ??''??', ????, ??'??? ??' ? '??, '? ???'?' ??%???' ??''??' ??+?? ? ????'?. ?'?? ?? '' '?, ?+% ?' ?'?? ???????, '? ? + ???'?' ??%???'?, ? + ????'? ?+??'?? ?'??, '? ?? ?'''?? ???'???? ', ? ?'?? ???'?' ??%???' ?+'?' ????'? ???'?? ??'??' ?'????? ?? ? ????.

?'????? ?? ????'?? '????'???'?? ???'? ???. ?'? ?' ??, '? ????' ??%?'??'? ?? ???? ????'???, ?' ? ??? ?'''? ? ?'?' ????, ???'? ?????'?, ?'' ???' ?? ?'. ? ??%?'??' ????', ?'?'' ?? ???? '????'?? ?+% ???. ????'??? ???' '? ?' ?? '???'?? ?'?' ''??? ????'?'; ????', ??%?? ???, ?? ??????? ?'''' ?'?????, ? '''?? ??'??'? '??? ''???'?'. '??????'? ??-'+? ??? ''???' ???? '?? ???, ??????'? ??-'+? '?? ????'? ???? ???' ?'? ?' ???? ?'? ??? ? ??????? ?'?' +' ?+?' ??. ?? ????'??? ?' ? '????' ''??'?? ????''.

?'? ????'??? ??+'? '??, '? ?' ? ?'?'? ???? '???? '??, +''? +' '???? ??' '????? ''???'??? ??+'??, ?'??? +'' +' ??''? + '%''???? ?' ??'? ??'''?. '????, ????, ''??? ?????'?? '??' '??? '???? ? ? '??'? '??'?' (1980) 16. -' ? ? ???-

'' 1. '?:???' ???'????'? 25

?'????? ?'?' ??+?? ????? ??? ??+'?%? ??? ''???'??? ?''?. %''??? ????'?, ??? ?'??'? '?' ??'?'?? ????'?? ????, ???% ?????? ??' %'? '?' ?'???, ??'???' % '?'? ?'?? '+?' '??' ????'?'. ????'?'?? ??, ?? ??? '??? ?'??'?? '??''???', ?'? ?+?' ?+% ??'?, ?'??? ???? +''? +' '? ?'?-?????? ''???' 1970- ?'. ??? ??? ????? ??' '?? ???' ''???'? ???'?''? '?+? ?' '? ?+???, '? ''???'?, ?'?? ?+??? ??'??, ???'?''? ?????' ?? ?'?'??? ??; ?'??  '?+?? ? ? +?' ???, ?'? ??'??? ????.

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

'??' ? '? '?? ?'?'' ?'??, ?'??? ?'? ????' ?????? '?? ?+ '?'???''???? '??'', ???? '? ?' '??'??', '? ? ? ?'????? ??'????? ? ' ???, ?'??'? ??'?' ??'??'?, ?? ?? %?? ?? ?'??'?? 18. -'? ?' ??? ?-??'?''?, +? '? '??, '?+' ??'??'?, ''? ?'? ?'?', ??+??? ?'? ??'???? ?+%?? ?'??'?, ?? ????'?, ??'??% '??'?? '??', ?????? ??%?'??? '? ?+?'?, ?'??' ??' ? ??'????''. ?+??'? ????? ?'?' ?? ????. ??'??'? ?'? '??? ?' ?', '? ?+???, ?'? ??'??' '???' '???', ??''????' ' '????????, ?'??' ???' ??'??'??? ?'?'??' ?? '? ??'??'??, ?'?'?? ' ?? ???? '????, ? ? ? ???? ?''? '???? ? ?? ??%' ? +''?, ? ?+-

* ?? ? '? ?+'??, ???'' ?. 1500 ? ?.?. ''??', ?'? ??'??'? ? ?+???? ?' '????. ?' ???. ?.

26 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'??''??' b ?'?'?? ???? '??  '????, ?'? ?, ???'??, ??? ??'? ??? '?+??? '???, ? ?? '????', ?' ? ?' '???'. ???'', ????' '???, ??' '??, ???''??' +?' ?'??'? ?'??. ' ?'???? ?' ??'? ?' ? ???'? ??? ?'?, ?'??' ??'??' ??, ??, ?'?'?, '? '?? ?'? '?'  ??'? quercus *, '? ?+?? ??, ?'??? ?? ???'??. ?' ??' ?????? ????', ????????, '?'???' '?  ???? '???, '? '  ?' ? ????', ?? ?'?  ???? ?'?'? ? '?+' ?? ?. '?? '??? ??'?, '? ??+?' ?'?? ???' '??' ??'' ??'???? ?'? ?????'???', ?? ? ??'?'?? +?'????, '?+' ???'? ? ?+%? '?.

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

-'? ? ?? ?? ? ' ???????? ?'?' ????' '??. ?? ????'?? ????'?' ??? ?????, ?'??'? ?' ?+?'??? ?, ???? ????' ? ??+????', ??%???'? ?'?. ??? +''? ??? ??''??? ?'?? '??, '? ???? ?+??? '????' ????? ??' ???'? ?''''???? ???????? ???, +?' '????? ?'', , ????, '?? ????'???. ???? '??, ? ', '? ?? ??+'?' '??' ???' ?'? '?? ?? ?'??'? ?'??, ?'?????? ???? ? '? ''???'? ????'?? ?+??' '?'????'?, ?'?' ?'?''?, '? '?? '? ??-' '??, ?'??', ? ?? ??'???', ?'??' ?+?'-

* '?+ (''.). ?' ???. ?.

'' 1. ' ?: ???' ???'????'? 27

???'? ???'??' ???? ????'?, '?, ?-????, ''' ? ???'? '?? '?'??'??? ?? '???', ? ?? ????'?'?? ? ?'??, ?? '??'??'? ???'??''19. ?' ? ? ''?' ????% ?'??????, ?'? '???'??' ???'', ??'???' '????, ??''??' ??+?? ? +?' ? ++?'??', ?'?? ?? ? ?'?', '? ???%?? ?? '?' ? ???' ??''?'? '?+??? '???? ?'??.

?? ?' ???' ?' ? ??? ?'. ?' ??' +' ?'?' ??'??? ??'? ?????'??? '???, ?'??' ?+?'?' ? +?' ?'?'? '???? ''???'?? '?? , '? ??? ? ???'?, ???'?? ??'? ???'?'?? ?'?? ?, +? ???? '????? +?'???? ? ???? ?' ?? 20. ??, ???, +?' '???+??? +?' ????'???'? ??? ? '?? ?' ???. ?+? ???? ? ??' ??'??? ??  '?, ? '? ???? ??-'+? ??+'?' '??? ''???'' ??+''?', ?'? '' '??, ??' ??' ' , ?'? +'' ?? ?'??, ''?'?? ?'?, '? '??? ??+'?' ''???' ? ?'??' ?????? ????.

'?????, '?-'? ??'', '? ?'?? ????'?? ??? ?'? ?' ?? ????. ??'??? ''???'' '?+'???? ?'' ? ?'?'?? ???'? ?' ''???'? ??+'?', ?'??? ????+' ?'????'?+'??? ??? ????'' ?' ''???'? ?+'???? ?' ??+?'' ????? ?'? ?' '?? ?'?, '? ?'? ??''? ????? ??'??? ''???'? '???? ??'??' ?''??? ??'??'? ''?????? ????????' 21. ? ? ?? ?-?? ?  ?'??? ''? ?' ', '??? ?' '? ??'? ? ?? ?? ?'?? ?''? ??'??, ???+??? ?' ?? ' ? ???????'???' ??', ??+?'??' '???? ?'? ??'?? '?????. -' ???????'???' ??'' ??'?' ?? ??+?'? ???? ?????'??? '?? ?'.

?? ?+?'? '' ''' (1969) ?'? ??' ? ??????? '??, '? ?? ??'?? ''???'? ?', ? '??'??? ''???'?. ?' '??'?? ''???'? '''?? ???'? ' ??'??'? '??? ''???'? ??+'?', ?'?? ?'???? ??? ????+? ??'?+'?? ??'??' ?'?, '? ? ''???'? ?' ?'?' ''? ???????% ''???'??? '? ???? ??'??' ?+% ?' ?', ' ?'???, ?'?, ?? ??+????'?'. ? +' ? +'' ? ??'??' +?'????' ??? ??????' '''???'' ?'' ? ?'?'? ?'? ?'?? '??, '? ??? ?'??% ? ?? ?? ???' +'. '????? ?'? ??+?' '??'?? ''???'?, ? ''???'? ?'.

'?' ?+'?, '? ?? ?'? ? ???' ??'? ? ??+% ? ? '??'??? ''???'?, ?'???? ?? ? % ?'? ?'??-

28 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

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

???? '??, ?'? ?'??'?? '??????'. ?'? '??? ?' '? ?'? ?????' ????? '? '???? ?', ?'??' ?+?%?'?? ??'???? ?'??'?? ?'???, ? ?????? ??'?? ????%?, ?' '?? ?'?', ? ? ????, ?''? ??'???%? ?? ??. ??'?? '??? ?' ?'? ?'''? '?, '? ????%? ???'?? ????'?, ?????? '? ' ?? ?'??, ' '?, ? ?? ?' ??'???? ? ?'??. -' ?? ???+??? '? ???'?'?? ?' ?'? ?. ?'? ?+%? ?' ??? ???' ?' ?? '?????' ''???' ??? ', ???? ?? '?, '? ? ?+%?, ??? ''?? ??? ?+%??, ??? ?? ? ??'?' ??+?? ??-'+? ???'??? '???. ' ?'?' '? ?'? ?+??'?''?? ?'??? '?? ???'??? ''??'??? ', ? ?'???? ???%?''?'?? ??. -'? ??''? ? ?'? ?'?'?, '? ??? '?? ?' ?'? ?'??? ??'??'?, ??'?'?? ?? ?'?? ?+%? ?'??? ?????. ?''??'?? ?', ? ????, ?' ?'? ?'? ??'?''???.

??? ?? ?'? ? '' ' ?'? ?'?. ?? ??', ??'? ??? ?+?' '''?? ??' (1979) ?? ??????', '? '???' ? ?''? ? ???'????? ?'?'? ?'?' +'' ???''? ??, ?'???? ?''??? +', '? '??? ??? ?+??' ?'? ''???' ?????, ?' ??'???, ?'???', ?'? +'' +' ??'? ?' '' ? ?'???'????'??. ' ?'????? ?'?, ?? '?? '? ??? ??'?, '? ??%?'?' -'? ??'? ''?? ?'?' ? ''??'?' '?, ?? ?'? ??'?'?, '? ??%?'?' ?? '?? ?'? ?+% '??? ??+?' '?, ?? ?? ? +?' '''??? ???'? ''???' ?????, '? ??? +''? '?'?? ?'?, ? +?'?? ? ????, ?'? ???? ?'?, ? ? ????, ????? ?' '?+?'?? ?' ?? ''???'. (''??? '?????? ??' ??? ??+?' '?????''??' ????'' ?'???? ?, ? ???%?? ?'??' ?''???, ??

'' 1. ' ?: ???' ???'????'? 29

??''?? ? '??, '? ?'?? +''?.) '? ?'?? ??''????, '? ?'? ???', ?'??? ? ?'?? ?+%? ??+??? ?'?, ??? ?'??'? ???? ? '??, ? ?+????? ? '??? ?' ?''?? '?'?'?. +?? ?'?' ????, ?? ?'? ?'??' ???' '+?'???? ???', ?'??? ?'?'?? ?'?'??'? '? +?'????' '??? ???????? ''???' ?'. ???? '??, ?? ??????', ??? ? ? ??''???' ?'' ??'??' ??????' '??'? '?'? ? ?' ?' '? ?????? ?' '?????' ??'?'?' ???' ??? '%''??? ??+?'???? '???, ?'??? ?' ?? ??? ?+%? '??', ? ''???' ????? 23.

???'?'? ?'? ? ??' '??? ?' ?' +???'? ? '? ???? ????'??. '??? ? +'' ????? ?'?'? ??''? ??'??, ? '? ?' ????? ?'??' ?'?. ??? ?'? ? ???? ?'?? ??'?''??, ??''? ?. '???  ?' '?? ?, ?'??? ????'????' '%''??? %%??' ?' ??'?????'? ?''?. ' ?+% ?' ??, ??+?? ?'?, ??'?? ??'????? ?, ?'?? ?'?'??? ??'? '??? ???'? ???, ?'??? ?' ?? ?' ?''? '-??, ?????? ????%?, ?? ?'??? ?? ?'?' (1968) ?' '?' ??'?, ? ???? ? ??-'?, '?, ???? '?-'? ??', ?? ?' ? '?-'? '?-'?', ?'' ?' '?? '?'? ???, ? ?'?? ' ?'?? ?? ? ?+ '?' '?-'? '?-'?'. ?''??'? ?', ??'??? '????, ?+??' ?'? '?? ????' ?????'?' ???, ?'??? ??' ??? ?????? ?????% ???'?'??' ??'? '?. -' ??' ??' '??'', '? ''???'? ?' ?'???' ??? ' '???. ' ?'?? ' ????? '??, '? ?????' ??'???? '??, ?', '?+' ?'???%? ? '? ????', ? ???'?' ?, ????%?, ????, +'??? ?'??? ?????? ?'???' ?' ', ? ???? ??, ?' ???? ?'???'? ?' ? ?, ????%?, ????. (, ?' '?-'? ?' '???', ? ????? ?', '?+' ', '? ? ?''?', ????, '? ?? ?+'?? ?' ? ??? ??? '???', ?'''?? ?+'?.) ? ?+???, 1960- ?' ??'???? ''???'? ?' +'' ????? ?' ??? ? ??''??'????? '???? ??'?; '? ? ? ???? +''? ?'?'??'? ???'?.

' ??? ?+?' ''? ????' (1975)24 '???, ?'???', ??'' ??? '??? ?' ? ?'?? ?? ????, ?+?? ?????, ? ? ?''??'? '?'?'? '?? ' '??, ????'? ?? ??+?? '?'?? '???'??? '??? ?'??????. ????', ?'?' ??, ????'?? ??'??'? ???'??'? ???; ???? ?'? +''? ??'?'?? ???''??'?, ???'?? ?'? '?+?'??, ? +?' '??; '? ? ?'? ???'? '?, ? '? ? ?? ?' ????' ?????? ?'?; ???? ?'? +''? ???'?'? '.. ''??? ?'??? ?+-

30 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'??''??'? ??+?? ??' '?' '???, '??% ?'' ' '???'??' ?'?'?, ?'??' ''?' ?????, ?'? ????' '?'?? ?'  ??'??% ?'? ?'?'??. , ?' ? '?'? ??: '-'? ?' ' '???, ' ?'?', ? ' ??????? '? ?????', '? ? ?? ????, '? ? ?' ?'?, ?'? '???'??? ? ?? ?? '?'? ??+?? ??  '?, ? ? ??, '? ???? ??'' '????. '????'??? ?'? +?' ?+%? ?' ???%???? : ???'?, '? '?-'? '?'' ?'?? p ? ??'?, '?, ??+'?? ??' ???'???? ????, ?? ? ?'' +' '?''? ?'?? ?'???, ? ????? ?? ???? q. ?' ? ?'?? ?? ????', '? ? '? ?'? '??, ?', '?+' ? ?'? ?'', '? ?? ' ??????? '? ????'', '? q. ?', ??%?'?' ?'???'??? '? ???? - '??  ??, ??, ? ???? ?? '??? '?????, ??%?'?' ?'???'??? '? ?'. ?? ' ' ?'? ?' ??'''??? ' ?'? '? ' '?? ?+?? +?'?? ??'????'? ?' ?'?' ???? '' ??'? ????.

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 31

'' 2. ???? ? ?????

?'???'?? -?, ??%? '?? ?? '??'????? ???'?'?, ? '??? ??????, ?''''?'???? '? ??? ' ?' ??'????? ??'??. ????? -? ??? ????? ??'' ??? '???? ?+%? '??'', ????'?? ??+???'? ?+???? '???' ???'? ??+'???'? ? 1915 1. ???+?? '????, ????? ?'?', '? '??? ?' ?'? '?? ?'? +?' ?+????? '??. ??? ??'?? ?'?'?? ? '??? ??'?, ?+%? '??? ??, '???'??', ?'??? ?? ?' ???'??? ?'?? ??'???? ??'??. ?? +' ??'???'? ? +''? ?'? ?'??, ? ????? ??? ??''?? '?? ??????'? ?'??. ? '??? '??? ?'?'?? langue *, ' ?+%? '??'?? ?'??'??, ??'??? '???????'? ?''?, ?'''?%?? ?? ?? '? ?'??? ?'''', ?'???? ??'??' ?? ??? ' (parole) '? '? '?? ?'''. ?? '?? ?' ??? ?' ???''? ??, ? ?'???. ?'? ?, ?'?' ?????, ?' ?': ???%? ?? ???' ???'? ?? ?'??'? ?+???, ???? '?????, ?' ?'' ??''?' ?? ?' ??, '? ?+???'?? ?'????' '?' +??. ?, ?' ???%? ?'???? ?+?, ?' ?, ?'? '?? ???; '?, ?' ?????, ?' ???'?, ?'? '?? ???'?? ??'''??'? ?'?'.

?? ?? ?'??'? ?+??? ???'? ?'?'??, ? ??????, ???'????, '??? ' , ???'? '?' '', ?'?' ' ??'?' '??' ? ' ?'????? ??', ?' ?????, ??+?? ''??'???, '?+' ?'? ? ??'?. '? ? ?'?'?? ???'??'? , ?'?''???, ???''?' ?'%? ??' ??? '? '??'??? '??, ' ?'? ?'????? ?? ??. -' ?'????? ?????' '?, '? ????? ?'' '???'??' ??'??? ?', ?'??? ??'?' '??' ??'??? '??' ???''?' ? ?'?.

'-??' '?+?? '??' ???'?? ?' ???? ???'??? ??'?' '?? ? ?? ?????. ?' ??? ??'? ?'? ???'??, ??????? ? ?? ? '??, '? ?? ???'?'?. ??'? ?+???, ?'?' ????? ??'?? '?, '? ?'??''?' '??'??? '??? ? ''?'??, '??' ??' ??+'''? ???????? '??? ?', ?'??? ?', ?? ?'? ??'? ???'?'? ????' ???. ?? ??' ? ?+?%'? ???? ? ???? ????, ?'?????? ?'. ????????, ?'?? ??? '????''??? ?' ?? ?'??

* ' ('??.). ?' ???. ?.

32 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??? ??''. ?'?' ?????? ???' ???? ???'?? '?? ? ??, '? ?', ??'??? ??????, '? ?-'? ?+??? ???'?' ?' ???'? ?' ? ' ?+%?''. (' ?'?? ?' ?''??? ?'''?? ?' ?, ???? ???''?? ?'???, ?'??'? ? ???'?.)

? ???' ?? ??+?? ?? ''?'? ?'????? ?? ?? '? ????? ?'?'?? ?', ?'???, ? ??', ??' ?''??' ?. ? ???%? ????, ???' ??, ''??? ?? ????' '?? ?'?, ?' ?? ??'??' ?''? ?'?, , ????, +? '?' ??'?' ?'''? ?'?? ''' ?' ?'? '?'; ?? ?'? ?' ? ?''? ? ?'?. (??' ? ?''?' ??? ?'? ?? ''' '?', ???'?? ?' ??? ?' ? ?' ??? ??' ? ''?? ?'?.) ???'???; '?' ?????, ?'???? ?+? ?' ?'? ? ???'? '???' ???+ '??'???? ????'; ????? ??? ?' ??'?'??, '? ?' ?'? '?''??'? ???'. -?? ?, ????' ?? ????? ???, ?' ?''??, ??'?'?? ' ?'?' ? ' ??', ??' +' ?'??'? ?? ?, , ????, ?'?? '?? +' ? ?'?' ??'? '+'' ??'? +' ?'??'? '??'', '?+?'??' ' '?'', ???? +'??? ?'??? ?+?'??''??'? ??? ?'?? ?' ??. (??' ? 'It is a long way ... go'. -?? ???? ??' +''? ?'?? '?'?? ?'? 'to'. ????? ? ?'?? ?? 'to' ?'?? ??'?' ?? ? ??'.) ????'?, ??'''????', '?'? ''??'??' ??'??'?? ? ??? ?'?'? ?????, ?'?? ? ?'???? ??? ?'?? ??'?''. ????' ? ???'? ??%?'?' -'? ', '?+' ?? ' ??; ?' +' ?'? +''? ', ?'? ??' ?' +'' +' ?'??? ?????'?, ?? ? '?'. ' ?'?'?? ??'? ????+? ''??.

?' '??? ?' ????? ?'' ?+ ?'?? ? '?'?? ??? '??'?, '? '?? '?? ??, '? ???' ?? ?+?+%? ? ?? ?+'?'. ?? ??, ????? ?'?', '?,  ?' ?'?? ????' ?'???? ?'? ???' ?????, '? ??????? ??? ?'? ?'?, '? ? ?? ??, ????, ?'?+?'?? ???? '??'??? ?' ?'?''? ?' ?'??? ????, ????'?'? , ?' +' ?? +'' ????'?, ?' ?'? ??? ??'??' ???'??? XIX . ??%??, '? ???'? '?-'? ?' ?' '? ? ?'????? ?'. '?-'??', ?'? ?' ??'??'?? ?? '? ??'?? '?' '?, ???? ???%?''?? ????? ?''? '? ' ?'?, ????????? langue ?????' ? ?' '; ?' '?'?'?? '???'??? ??'?, ??'??%?, ? ?+??? ?', ???? ?' '?, ????' '?? ??? ??. ?? ?''? ?'? +' ?'??'?, ?' ?????, ?? ? ?'? ?'' ???? ? '??, ??%?'??' ' ?? ??????% ?? ?'. '-'?'?, langue ?'?'?? ?-

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 33

??''? ?+. ?' ?' ?'' ??'?, '? ? ??%?'??' '? '??, '?+' ?''? ? '?, '? ??? ? ?'?'??, ? ?? ?+???'? ? ?+?', '? ? ????? ?'?' '?'?? ? ?? ?. ? ?+???, ??'?? ?, ?'?'? ?'??? '? +?' ??? ''???'?'???, ?'? ?' ???' ??'???? ???'???'. '-'?'', '? ? ??%?'?' '?'?? +'??? '???, '? ?'?' ?? ?. ? ??'??' ?' ? +'' ?? ???' ? ?????, ???? '?'' ..???, ?? ? ??'??' ?? ?'?' ?????'??? ???? +'??? ??????.

????? +'' '??'??, ? ''???'??. ? ???? ? ?''-'??'' ???  ?'' ?' ? ?' ? ?? ?? ' ? ??????? '??' ??? ?+??? 2, ??'??%? ??????? ??' ???, '? ????' '''. ''??? ?? ?' +'' ???' ? ??''??, ? '???'?'?? '???? ??????? ?? 1920- ??. ?+'?? ??''???, '? ??? ??, ??+?? ?'??? ?', ? ???? ??? ??? ?'?' ' ??, ????%? ???, ', ??'??? ??'??'? ??????'?? ????'?, ???'??? ? ??. ?? '???'?'??? ?' ?''??, '? ??? ??? ?? ?' ?'? ''? ?? ', ??? +?'??, ?'? ?? ????', ?'?''?%? '?'?? ??? ?'??. ''?'?? ' ?''?? ????+?? ???'??? ?''?, ?'??%? ? '???'?. ??  ?'' '?'?'? ?????%?? ??'??'? ???, ?+??? ?? ??' ?'?'? ?? ''??? ???. ??''? ??'?', ? ?? ?+?'' ?'?' ?, ?'??'? ???' ??'' '?'?? ??? ''?'???'? ?????. ' ?' ???? ???'?? ?''??, ?'?????? ?'?? ? ?? ?? ?'?? ?? '?, '? ?'?' ?' ??'', '??, ???, ?'??', ???? ? '??, ??'?? ????'. % ?? ???+????'? ??'???????? '??'? '??? +???'?? ': ???? ?'? '+???'? ??'??'????'??', '??'?????'??' '?????? '?. -' +'' ?????'' ?''''?'??'? ??'??, ?'?'? ? ??? '?'??'??'?'.

??' ' ?'??'??'? ?+'?'?, ?''??? ??? ??'??? ?'? ?????'? ?'???? ??'???? ?'? ????' ?????? '? '??, '?+' '? ?'?''??'? ?'' ? ?'?' ????, ??' ?'??'??'?'? ? ??'?''?, ???%??? ?'??? ?. ? ?? ?'??'??'?'? ? ??' ?''??? ????, ????'??? ? ''''? ?'?' ?'?. (-'? ????''? ???'??, +? ?'??'??'? 1960?'70- ?' ?'' ???? ?''''?'???? ????, ?? ? ???? ??'?'??.) ??'??' ?'??'??'?'? ?????? ?'?' ??? ??'???'? ''???'?, ??'? ? '??, '? ?? ?'?? ?, ?'???'?, ?''?'? ' ???''. ?? ???', ?'? ????'??? ''???'??? ?'? ??? ??; ?? '??

34 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'?', ?? ???, ?''??'??%? ?+ ?+?'???, '? ? '?' ? ?'? ''???'? '??. '?' '??, ??+?? ??'?'?'? ? ?, ?? ?' ??? ??''??? '?? ? +?' ???? ?+???' ?'?-???? ''???'?, ?'? ? ''???'? '?'?''? ?'? ?'???' '?, '? ???''?' '???????? ''???'?'.  ?'?-???? ''???'', ?'??' ?''' ? ?+ '??, ??? ?? ?'???, ??'?? ??'???-?''??? ''???'? ?'??? ?, ? '? ?'? ''???', ? ?'??' ?' ??' ????'???'? ?? ???.

'??'??'?'', ? ??', ?'? ???''??? '?'?'?? ????? ' ???' ?'?? ??'? ???? ? '? ??'??'??? ??'?'??? ??+'??, ?'??' ?'???'?? ?????'? ?'?-???? ''???''. ????', ? ?+???'?? ????' ?+ ??'?'???? ?''?? ?', ? ? ???? ? '????' ? '??, ?? ?'???? ?? ??'?? ? ???'?'? ?'? '?. ' ??'?? ?'? ''???'??? ??????, ? ?'???? ?? ???'?? ' ??''?'?? ' '??? ?'???? ?? ????''??'??, ?'?' ''???'? ???, ????'' ? ? ??, '????'?, ??, ' '?'. ??  ?? ????' ?+ ?'?-?????? ''???', '? ?'?'?? ??'??? ??, '? ?'??,  ? ???? ?????? ??, ?'?? ?'? ?+?'??? +'???. ? ?  ?'? ???+?? ?????'?? ?'??'??'?'? +''? +' ?? ????'?'?, ??????? ?????'? +''? +' ??+??; ?? ??''??' ???? '?? ' '??, ?'??' ???'?'?? ?'?-?????? ''???'.

'?  '?? ?'? ?'? ?'??'??'?? ? ?'?' ???? ?'''? ????'?, ????'? +''? ??''? '??'?'?'. ????? ?'''?? ??+'? ???'??'??? ??'??, ?'??? ' -?'?? '????'?: '?+?? ?'? ?+???'? ?, ? ??% ??? ???'??'??? ????, ?'??? ? ???? ???? ???, ? ?'??'?'?' ?'?'? ?'?''??? ??'. '??'??? '? ????'? ?'???? '? ?'??'??'?'? '????'?? ?' '?'??'??', '?', '?'?' ?' ???''??'?, '???'? ?''? ? ???? ?'-?'-???? ?'?????'?? ??????? ??'????. -?''??? '??? ?'????'??'? ?????' ??' ?'??'??'? ' ?'? +' ?'?, ??  ?''? ?'??'??'?'??.

????????, ?' ??' +' ?' ? ?''? '?'??'??'?'?' '?'?? ', '? ??'?? ??? ??'? ??????+??' ??+????, ?'??' '? ???' ??'?''?, ???? ? ?'????? ??'?, ? ?''?' ?'??'?, ???%?? ? ' 3. ??? '?? ?'? ??, ??, ??'??? +' ??'? ?? '?' ???' ?+'?' ?? ?'?', ?'??? '' ?'? '??, '? ?+'?? ???' ? ??? '?'??'??'?', ?'?'? ?????'??? ???-

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 35

', '? '?? ?? ?'? ??? '?'??'??'?''. ???+?? '?? ??' +' ?+'''??? ??'? ?'???'?? ?'?? '-'?????, ?? '?'?? ? +?'???? ?'????' '?'??? ?' ??'? ???, '???''?' -? '??, '????'?' '? ?'?'?????, ?'?, ?????'?, '???'??' ?'?? '?'?, ?'?-'''???'?' -? '??. ?'?? ?'?, '? ???' +' ???????'? ?? ?'?? '?. ???+?? '??'?'?'?' ? ?, ?? ?'? ?'??' ??'' '?'??'??'?'. ??? '?'?? ?? ???: ??'? ?'????? ??? ??? ?''''?'???? ?'?? ''? %' (1966) ?' ? ?'??? ?'? ?? ??? 'The Order of Things' (1970) 4 ?' ??? ?' ?'??%: ''? ??? ??'??' ?'+????' ????''??' ??'??? ?'?' ?? ??'' ?'??'??'?'. ? ????+? +'? ????' ??, '? ? ??'??? ? ?'??, ???'? ' '?' '????, ?'??' '? ?'??'????? ?''. ??? '?'  ??'? ??? ???? ' ?'??? ???'? ?????? ?'???, ?'??' ?'' ???? ?''''???? ???+????'?? ?''''?'???? ?, ?'??? ??? ??, ?', '? 1950- ?' '?'' ?? ????? ?+???' ?? ?''''?'??? ???'??? ??? ? ??'?'?'?. ?' '? ??'?'?'? ?'??'?'? ?'?? +'' ?? ?'', '? '? '??', ???' ??, '?? ?'??'?? +''? '???' ??'?'. -?'?'?'?? '?', ???'' ??, +''? ?????? ??+???? '?'?'. '??'? '? ??' ? '?, ?????? ?'?'?, ?'?'? + ??+?''. ?? ??+?'? ?????'? '?'' ??? ??' ????'? '?'?? ?'??'??'?'? ?' ?'? ??? ? ???'?.

?, '? '''? ? ??'?'?'? ?+?'???? ?????, ???? ????'? ??'? ? '???, ? '? ??? ?'??'??'?'?, ? '?'?? ?+??, ?? '''???. ?? ??', '? ? ????????, '? ''?' ???, ?' ' , '? ?? ????????, '? ''?' ???. -'? ??? ???? ?' '??, '?'?'?? ' ''?' ?'' '????'? ??+?', ?'?%? ?'???? ??? ????', ' ?'' ?'? ????+???'? ??+?, ' ?'' ??'?-???' ??%?'?, ?'? ?'???? ???''?' '?'?? ?''', ' ??'????? ?'' ???''? ???''??' ?'??. ? ?'?'?? ?+'? ?? ???, ''?' ?' ?'? ???', ?+?'??? XIX ?'?''. ?'??? ?'?'?????, '? ?'? ???' ?'?, '??+?'', ?????'? ???'???.

''? ?'??'??'?' ?''''?'???? ?''????' ?'??'?? ?+??? '? ????: ????????? ''???'? ?' ?'?'?? '??? ??, ??? ???'?? '????? ?'?'?, +??? '? ?+? ?'''?? ?? ''??+'. ???+?? ?'''?? ?????'? ? ??? ? ?+ ?'''??? '? ?'??'??'?'?. ??, ??? '??, ??'??? ??? '??+, ??? ?''??' '?? ??' ? ?' ??? ???, +? ??? ??'??' ' ??', ??'??? ?-

36 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'??'? ???%?''??'?? ??+????. ??' ' ?'?' '?+'??'? ?????, ???+??? ? '-'????.

? ?'? ? ?'????, ?' ?+??? ?'??'?? '? ?'??'??'?'? ??? ???. ' ?''''?'???? '???'? ??? 1960- 1970- ?? ?''''?' ?? ' +' ??'?? ?'?, '? ? ?'?'?? ????'??. ???, ''?, ? +?'??? ???? ?'' ?'? ? ???, ?? ? 1960- ?? +''? '???'?? ?''? ? ?? ?'?. ??? ?? +''? ? ? ' ???'?. ???, ? ?'? '?, ?' ?+ ??'?' ????' ? ?? ??'???'?. ??? +'' ?+??'? ?'??????? ?'??? ??? ??????, ?' ???????? '??'????, , ? '??, ?? ??? ???? ?'?'' '????', ?'??'? ?'??'??'?'' '??'. ???'??? ??+??? +''? ??? ??? -'? ?-????? ?'?'?'?. ' ??? ?? '??'?'?? ????'?' ?'?'???? 5 ?+?' ''? '?''' (1965, ?'??? ?? 1970) ?'?' ??? ????'? ???? ???. ?? ??',  '?''' ? ''' ? ?? ??? ? ????? ? '??'?? '?'??? ?????'' (1875) ?' ??'?'? '-?'? ? '??'. '? ?'? ? '?? ??, '?, ?'? ??? ??? ?'??? ???+?'?? ?' '??? ??'????, '? ? ?? '?'???? ???' ?'???' '?'?? '???'??' ???? ?? '????? + ??+?'?', ?? ????+? ????' ????'??'? ?'??????, ? ?'??? ??'?'? ' ????? ??.

'? ?'?? ???, '? ? - '? ?? ?''?, ??+'???' ? ??? '?''' (1966), ?? ??'' '?', '? ?'?'' '?' +????''????' 6. , ?'?'???? ?+???'?? ? ??'?'?? ????, '? ??'?' ???? ??? ?' ??' ???''??? ????, ?'??'? ???+??? ?????'??? ????' '' '? ?'???? ???' ?'' ? ?? ?'???, ??'??%? ???? ?'? '?????+'??? ??'''????''. '??'?? +????''????, '?' ?? '?, ?' ?'? ?'??'?? ?'. ???????? '??', ? +?'?? ?'?' ??'??? '? ???' ???'? ?+??? ?' ' , '? '-'???? ojm, a ? +?'?? ?'?' ?+??? '? ????? ?'????? ???' 7.

'???+?? '????, ?' ?'?' '-'????, ?' '???' ???' ?'??'?? ?'??'? ???; ??+?? ?, ?? ? ??+?'?' ??? ??? ? ? ??'? ??'? ??'?'. ???? '??, ??+?? '??'?? ??'??, ???'' ??, ?? ?'??'?? '??+?'? ????? ????'? ? ???? +????''???? ?'?'??'. ? ?'? '?' ?'?? ?'? ???' ????'? ?+% ???'. (????'??, ??? ? ?? ''' '?+?? ?'?? ?'??, ?'??? ???'?' ??? '??'' ???' ??'? ' ?' ??''' ???.) '? ?'?? ?', '?, ??+?? ??', ?? ??''?' ??+?? ?', ?'??'? ??'

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 37

'????'? ????? '???'???? ?'. ' '?  ??? ?? '???'?? '?  ???, '? ???'?? '?'. -?? ?? ??+?'??' ?'??'' ?' ? ?'?'? ?, ?' ??? ??' ?' ??? '????'. ???? ? '???? ???'??, ?'? ?'? '?'??'??'?' ? ?'??? , , ?'?'???, ??? ?'?''?? ?' ??.

??? ?'  ?'??'??'? ?'? +?' ????? ??'?', ?'???? ? ??'''?? ? '?'?? ??? ?'?'????, ?? '? '-'???-?, '? ? ''???'?? ?? '?'?? '??, '? ?? ??' ?????? ??'? '?? ?????, ??'? '? ??%?', ?'???? ??+??? ??'?. '??'?' ?'??'??'?'' ?'?? ? ', '' ? ?, ?' ? +'??? ?'???, '? '?? ??'? '??????'?? '?? ???; ? ????, '?? ??'? '??????'?? ??'???, ?'??? ???%?''?' ''??? ?? ??'?? ''??.

'??'???, ????'? '?????' ??+?' ??'? ?? ?'? +?'??, ?? ?'? ???? ???? ??' ?'??'??'?'?. ' '???'? ???' (1969, ?'??? ?? 1972) ??? '? ?'? ??'?, '? ????'??' ? ?'??'??' ??''??' ??+?? '????'? ??'??, ???''?' ? ?'??'? ???%?''?'?? ?'', ? '????'? '????, ??'??% ? ? ?'?'? ??'. '?+' ???'? ?'? '?+?? ???'? ?'??'??'?'? ''?', ??+??? ' ???'?, '? ?'??'??'? ?? ?? ? ?'? ??+?' '?????'? '????'? ???? ?'? 8.

- '?? ?? ?'?' ? ?'??'??'?'??, ??'?'??'??'?'?? 9. ' ??? ? '????? ?'' (1967, ?'??? ?? 1979), ???, ?? ?+?', ?? ?'?' ???, '-'????, '?; ?? ?'?' ???' ??+%? ?'??'????? '??'?''. ' ??-'? ????', ?'?' ??, '?+? ??'? '??? '?' ?? ???? ?+? ? ?'?? ?''??? ?' ??? ?'? ? ??+%???'?. ???, ? ??'???? '? ???, ?  ???? ?''?, '? ?? ?' ?'??'??'?'? '?' ? ???? ?', ? ???? ??'??', ?' ? +???.

?' ??????' '??, ???? ' '?? ?''? ''???'??, '  ??, ??+?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??, ?'?'?? ?'''???'??, +? ?'??'?? ??'? ''???'? ''?'????? ?'??. ?? ? '??, '? ??'??''??? ''???'??' ' '?', ????, '????'?, ?-? ?' ?'?' ?? ?'???? '???, ? ??', ? ? ?'?' '??'??''??'? ''???'??'. ????, ?'??'? ?? ?'' ???, ?'??'??, ? ? ????, ?+%? '? '???-???? ?'?-?????? ''???'. ? ' ??? ?'???'?? ?'?''? ?'? '?, '? ???'?'?' +??'?'??? ??'?', '? '?'?' '?'??' '? ?'??'?'??%? ???????? '?? ???'?' ?? ?' , ????, ?''??, '? ???'? ???'?' ?'?????. ?, ???? , ?' ?'?'

38 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??'? '??, '? ?? ?????'??? ???'?'??%?, '?? ???'??%? ?'???? '? '??  ?? +'' ????'?? +?'????? ?????, ??'??''????? '?????''??.

??''??? ?? ??'??'? ?''??? ??'??, ?'?' '??, ?? ?+?? ?'?? +' '?  ???? '????; ?'? ?'?'??? '??? ???? ??' ?''??. ?? ??', ?? ??', '? ? ??' ??'??? ?'???'?? +'? ?'', ?'? ???'?? ? +?'??? ?' '?? ????'??? ?' ???? '??? ???''??'? ?' ? ??'?? ??'?????? 10. '?? ??' '?? ' ?'? ??'?'?? '?? ?? ??+?'??' '?? (1968, ?'?? '??'? ''???'' ('Marges de la Philosophie'), 1972). ' ? ? ????'? ??'?? ? ????, ?'? ?'?' '? ''??'? ???? '?' ? '?? ? '??, '? ?? '?' ?' ?'? ?'; ??? ? '??'??? ? '????, ?'???? ?? ????'??',  ?' ???' '?  ??? ??. ' '?? '?? ?''? ?'?%' ?+ ????.

?? ?+%? '? ???' ? ? ?' '??'?''???''?' ?? ?'?' ??'?'??' ??'?' , ?'???', ???+?'? ?? ?'?'? ?' ?'?% ? ?? ??? ???????' +???' ??'??'????'?, ' '???'?'-?'??'?'', '??'?-????'?', '??+??'?-????'?', '??-????', '+?'??'?-?''????', '????'?-??'''?'. ??? ? ?????'??? ?+'?? ?'?%??? '???' ? ??? '? ?? '?? ?', ?? ?'??'?? ?'?, '? ? ??'??% ?'??' ???? ?? ????' ? ??+' ''???' ? ??? ??'??'????'. ??'??? '? ?+??? ??'?'' '???'??', ???? ? ?%'?? ??+??'?%? '???'?' ?' ?? ' ?'?' ? '?, '? ?'? ??? '???'' ?? ? ?+'' '?? ??'????'?? ??'????'??, ?'??' ?+'?? ??'?'?? ???'??. ??? ? ??? ?+'?' ????? ?'? ??? ???' ?''??? ??, ? ??''??? ?'. , ????, ? '???'?'-?'??'?'' ?%'?? ??'??'? ?'????? ??''''? 'differance', ?????%? ?+ ?? ? '???? ?'?, ?'??' ???'?? '?'' '?'''?'.

????'??, ????, ?. ? ?'?? ?''? ???'? '???'?'??%?' ? '?'?? ?'???, '? ?? ??%?'?' ?' ?, ?'?' ?????, '?? +'??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??, ??, ?'??' ? ???'?'??', ?? ?'???, '? ? '??' ?? ?'???'?? ? ??''?? ??, ??? ?? '?''''??'. -'? '?? ? ?'?' '?? +?'???? %, '? ? ?' +?' ???? ??? '? ?? ???? ? ?? ??' ???'???. ?' ?'?? ?? ?'?'?? ?? ??'?. ????? ????'?? '?, '?  ???? ?? ?'?'. ''? ?? ? ??''?' ??+?? '???' ?' ???, ?'??? '???'??': ?? '?? ??'' ?'??'?? ? ?? ?'? '???' (semen) '???''

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 39

(semantics). -'? '?? ???' ?? ??+''' ? '????' (1972, ?'??? ?? 1982), ?, ??? ?'?? ????'??. ' ???? ?'???, ??? '??' (1972), '??, ? ??', ?'?', '? ???? ' ????? ?' ? ?' ??? ? ??' +''? ?'???'?? '??'. ?? ?'?? ???, '??? +', ? ?'?'?? ??'??'?. ?+? '??, ??, ?'?' ??, '? '? ? ??'?? ??+??? ?'??. ? ??%?'?' ?? '??, '? ???? ?'?, ? ?? '  ? ?-'? ???'?? ???, ? '???'.

???? ?? ?'?' ''??'?? '? +?' ????? ??: ''??'?-?'' ?%'?? ? 'differance' ?' ? '?'?? ? ?????'?? '??' ?, ?? ???'??'????' '???'. -??'??? ???? ??-'+? ???'??'????' ?' ?' ?'??'??? ???'????. ?? '???'??'????'?' '?'?? '??, ?' ''??????? ?' ?? '?? ?? ???'??? ''?????%? ??'?', ? ?? ????' ??? ?? ? ?'?'?? '?? ??'??'????, ??'????; ?? '???' ? '?''''??'.

''? ?'?-?????? ''???' ?+?' '?? ?+?' '??'??'? '? ?????' ?'??'?? ', '? ???%?' ?' ? '.'.??-'? ''?-??'?' * ??'??%? ???? ? ???? ??'? '???? ?'?11. -'? ????? ? ?? ?? ? ???? '?? ??'????. ('?? ?'?', '? ??' ????.) ? ??? ????', ?? ?? ?'??', ?+?? ?'?'?? '?'?'? ?'???? '?'??, ?'???? ?'??? ?'??'. ?? ??', ?'? ?? ? ???' ?'??, ?' ? ??''?? ?%?%?, ?' ??????? ?''???? ???. ??, ? ???? ??, '?, ??' ? ?? '?'?', ????.

'?? ??+??' ??'?, ? '?' ??', '? ? ?? ?? ???'?' ????? ?, ???+???, ? '?' ?'?' ?? '?'??'?-'??'?' '????'-''''. ??? ?? ?? ?'?' ??'? ? '?? ???: ?-?', ?'???, '? ??'? ?'' '??' +?' ???'?? ?????'????, ?' ???? ?' '?? ?' ??' +?' '?? ??'? '? ???'?'' ?  ?????? ??'?'? '?'???'; ?-'??', ?'???, '? ? ? ?'?'?? ?'?' ' ??? ???????' ??'??'????', '????'?-??'''?', '?+'??'?-?'??', ?'? ?? ?'?' ??? '''-????'?'; -'?'?, ?'???, '? ?? ?'' ?' '' ? ????? ?' ? ?, '? ?'??.

????'?? ??' ???? ??'???''? '??-????'. ?'???'?? '??, ????? ? '??' ?''??, ? ?''

* ?? '? ??? '?' ?'? ????? ?? ? ??'? 'How to do Things with Words' ?' ??. ??? ??+??? '??'. ''. XVIII. M.: ??????, 1982. ??'? ?? ?'?? ?+?'', ??+'???'? ? ??? '? ???'? ??'? ? ???% ?'?' ( ? ??'? '. ?+????. ?.: '??, ??-????, 1999. . 11?'135), ????????, '?? ?'?'?? +?' '??'?, ??? ? ?? ??''?'?? ?? ?? ??'?. ?' ???. ?.

40 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??'? ? ? ????? ??'', '? ???? ?'?'?? ???, ?????? '????? ?????; ?'? ???''?', ??'??? '??-, '????''??? ?''''?'??? +'??. ('-'???? ??''??? ??' +' ?'?? ???? ?'????? ?''??). '?????' ??+?'' ???+? ?? '? '?? ?' ??'?'?? ???+?, '? ?? ?????? ?'?' ? '??, '? ???? ???'?' ?. ? ?? ?'?' ?+?' '? ???'?'?' (1967, ?'??? ?? 1973), '????' ?'? ? '?, '? ??' ??? (??? ??? ?''.77.), '???' ' ??+??? ?'?'?'? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??'' ??'?? '??'?????' '? '??? ?'?? ???? '???'?', ?'??? ?%' ??+?? ? '?'?? ??? '??-????', ??  ??? '??-????'. (-?? ?? ?? ?'?? ???'?'?? ?' '?????? ?''''?', ?+?' ?'????? '???? ?''??, ?' ? ??, ?'??'? ??%?'?' '?'?? '?? ??, ?? ?%'?? ??).

?+'?? ??''?? ?' ? ???? ??, ' ?'?' '??, ?' '?, ?'' ?' ???, ? ????%?? '??''??' ? '?'?, '?, ?'??? ?+?, ?? ???' ?? ??+?'??' ????? '? ? ??+??, ?'??? ?, ' ???' ?'? ??, ??'' ? ????. ('?' ????'?, '? '????? 'entendre' ??' '?'? ?, ???'???, ???'?, ?'? ? ?'.) ??? ?'?' ?' ??'', '? ????%? ?' ??'??? ????, ?'???'?? ????' ? ??' ??'??'? ?' '? ?+???, '? ? ??+??, ?''? ????%?, ?+?? ???'? ? ????. ???'??? ??+??? ??????? '? ?' ?' ???'? ? ('?? ?' +' '?'?'?') '?' '', '? ?' ?? ? '?????'?? ?'?'? ???'?', '?+' ? ??+????'?? ??' ??'??? ??. ???+???'? '?'?' ?'???? ??'?'??? ??' ??'?' '? ??''?' ?? ??? '+??, ????'? (???'?) ?'? (?, ?, ') ?''?%?? ?' '??, '? ?' ????? (????)..., ???'? ?, ? ... '..'. ?- ???? '' ??'???? ???? ?' ?'??'?? ?????'? '? ??? ???'? ?'? '?, '? ? ?? ?; ?'????'? '???? ???' '' '? ??? ?????'? ???'? ?'? ? '?, '? ? ????.

-?'?' ???? % ?? ??'??? ''?, ?'??? '? ?'' '?? ?'?. ?? ?'?' ?????? ??? '??? ''? ?' '?'?' ? ??, ?? ? ?'???, ?' '? ?''?? ?'? ?????'?? ??'?? '? '?? .?'?, 1977'. ?'?-'? ?? +' ??'?'?, '? ?'? '?'?' ?'? ???'? ???? ?'???? ?''????'. ?? ?'? ? '. ?+?, ??'??? ???????? ??? ?'??'??'?, ? , ? ?' ???? ? ??''. ?, ? ??', +?' '?? ?' ??? ???' ''??' ???? ? ????'??''???? '??? '???'. ''??'??'?', ?'?' '?? ?' ?+?????, ?' '?'? ?? ?'??? ??+?'????''. ??? ?? '?? ?' +?' ???? ??'?': ?'??'?-

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 41

?'?, ?? ?? +' ' ?'?, ?' ?'? ?? ??'???? '???'.

? ?'? '?, ??? ???? ? ?'?'?? ?'??'??'?'??12. ''? ?' ?'?? ? '??, '? ''? ???', ?? ?? ?'?' +???'??? ??'??, ???'?'??'? ''? ?????'??'? ??'? ???? ???????'?. '?? ?''?? '?'??, ?? '?' ??'????'? ? ???? ?''?? ??'?'??? ????, ?'??'? ?'??'??'?'' ??' ?'?13. ???? '??, ????? '??? '? ? '?? ?' ?'?' ? ?' ?'''?'? '????, ?'???'? ? + ?'??? ???''? ?', ????+???'? '?''? ???'? ?'???, ? ?'??'? ?? ?? ? ? ?' '. '?? ?'??'??'?'?, ?? ?'' ?' ? ?? ???'?? '??? ?'?'?, ? ??'??? ??'???? ?????, ???%?''???? +'??? ??'???? ??. ?' ?? ??'??', '? ?? ??' ?'? ?? ?'?'??'? ?'? ??? ??'? ??'??.

?' ??''? ?'???? ?'??'?? '?? ? ??'???, ???  '? ?+ ???? '?'?? ????? ??????' ?'?-???? ?'?'''? ?'??'??'?'' ?????' ?'? ??'??-?+?? ?''???? ' ??? ???, ?'? ???? ? '?, '? ?? ??'''?? '? ?'??'????? '??'; ? ??', ? ?''? +'' -'' ???, ???? ?? (1951) ? ??????'? ???. ???'??????? '??' ????? ? ??? ?'????? ?'?' ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?'??'????? '??', +? ?? ?'?' '? '?? ???, '? '??'?? '??? ?? ??''? ?'??' '??'? ??%???' ? ???% '??'? ??%???'? +?' ??? ???, ???? ?'??? ? ???% ?'?, ?'? ?' ? ???% '???. ? ? ?? ?? ???? ?+?? ???? '? ??'????????? '??'?, ?+??? 14.

'?-'??', ?'? '?'???'?' ', '? ???' ? ?+'???? ?', ???''?' ?%? ??' ??'??? ?????, ?? '?'?'?? ? ?'' (1976) ?? ? ?'?? '????? ??'???? ?', ?'? ?'? ? ??%?'??%? ?'?? ' ''????', ? '??+'???' '? ????? ??'???. (-' ???%? ? ?'?'? ? '+??' ???' '????'?? ???'?? ?+???'.) ? '??'? '??, ?? ??''?' ??? ??+'????? ? ?+?' '?'?? ?'??'??'' (1957) ?'' ' ? '??'' '?? ??'??' (1965), ?'??'?? ??''??? '???'???'?, ?'?'????'?, ??????'? ? ???' ?' ? ?''?%? ??'??' -???? ?'?, '?+' ??''??'? ??' '?''??' '???? ?'??'??'?'?.

????? ?'??'??'?'? ?''? ' ?'???? ???-? ?' ?? ''?+??'?' '?????'?'? ?'??'???'. ?? ????, ?'? ?? ?'' ?'???? ?' '?, '? ??? ?'' ?'-

42 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

???? ?????, ??? ?' ?'???? ?+%?'. '''?+??? ?'??'??', ??'' ???? ?''? '?'??? ?'?? ' '??'' (1966), '?'? +?'?'??, ??????'?%? '???, ??'??%? ?? ?'???' 15. ' ?'' ?' ?, ?????'?? ?'??'?? ?'?'?? ???'? ''??? ??'', ?'??'? ?' ?? ' ?''??, , ????, ? ? ?''??, '?-'? ???': ''?'!'. '??????'?? ?'??'??' ???'?? ''?+???? ?'??'????' +'??? '? '???'?????, ??+???? ?'?, ' +'??? '???'??? ??'? ??'?, ??'??%? '?, ?? ?????'??. ('????'??' ? ??' '???? ???'??': ???' ? ?+?????' ??, ??? '? ???' 'Enter', a ? 'Come in'. * -'? ???? ?'?'??? ?'?; ', ????, '+??? ???? '???'' ????+??' ?'??' ????.) ???'??? '?+??? ?'??'?? '?' 'Come in!' ???' +' ' ?'??'', 'you' '?' 'to be', ?'??' ?'??'?'??' ?????'??? ?'??'??.

????'?? ? '?, '? ?'? ?' '??? ???? ? ? ???, ???? ? ??? ???? '?'?'?? ? ?'' ?  ?''?? ?' ??'???? '???? ''?+??? ?'??'??' '?????'?? ?'??'??', ?'?' ? '??? ???+????, ?? ' ? '?? ??, ?' ?'??? +?' ? '? ?? '? ?' '? ? ??'??? ???' '???? ?'??'??'?'', ' ', '? ??', '? ''?+??' ?'??'??'' ?'??'?? ''?+??'?' ?''??? ??'?', ????' ?????'?' ?'??'??, ?'' ?' ?, '?????', ??', ????'?? ?' ?' ?'? '..' ?? ' ? ?''; '???'??, ???%??? ?'?''??? ?????'?'? ?'??'???, ? ? ????, ??' +''? ?'?'?  ????'????, '???????%?' ?+?+%???, ??'??? '???. ' ??'''????', ?? ???? ??', '???'?? ?'?'?? ?+?' ?'?? ??+?'???? ?'??'?? '???''. (???? ??'?+'?' ?'?? '???'' ??? ????? ??'?', '?? ? ???? ? ??'???? ???'? '???'??.)

?????? ????, '? '????? ?'??'??'?' ????? ?'?' ??' '? ''?+??' ?'??'??' ?????. ??? ???? ?' '?? ?????, ?????, ?  +?' ?'''??'? '? ??. ?????? ?'??'??'?, ?? ??''? ?'?????? ??? +?'???? ?'???'?? ? '??? ''??''? ''' (1933), ?'? '????''??? '? ????? ??''? ? ? ?+ ???%? ??'??? ???'. (' ?? +?' ??? ?+?' ''??''? ?'?'' ????? '?? ???, ?? '????'??' '??? ??'? '??', ??'??? ?? ?' '?-'? ?? ?????.) ?? '??? +???'??? ?'? ''??''? ??'?' ??'?+'? ?' ?%-? ??? ??+'???? ? ? ?'??'; ? ? ????, ? '??-* ? ????? ?' ' ??? '?' ???'?? ''?'!'. ?' ???. ?.

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 43

'' '?, '? ?? ?%'. ' ????? ?'??? ??? ''' ???' ' ''? ? ?? ??''? '? ? ?+'??; ?'??'?? '? '?'??? ? ????+' ?'?' ?'?; ??'? '?? '?+' ???? ''? ? ??, ?? '?'' ????+?, ?'??? ?'?'?? ?%?? '? ?'?? ??'? ' '? ??'? ', +?? ?? ?? ?'??. ?' '? ?'??'??'?'? +''? ??????? ???'?? ?''''??? '????? ??? ?'?'???? ??' ??'???? ?????, '? '? ????? ??? +'' +??? ?'' ''??''?, '? ?? ?? ????'?? ??'?' ? ?? (1959) ? ?+???'??? ?? '.?.??? ''?+'??? ??' 16. ??? ?'??'??'?'', ???? '' ??'?? ???? ??'?? ???' ??????'?% ????+? ??'??, ?'??' '??' ? ????' ??? ????, ? +?? ? ?????', '??' '? ?+???, '? ?'? ? ?'???'?? '?'?? ? ??+?'???? ?'', '?'??'?', ??'?? ? ??.

???? '??, ???? '?'?' ??' ?'???? '? '????? ?????? ???? '?'? , ?'??%? ? '??'??. ?? ???'?'? ??? ?' '?'? ??'' ???+' ??'?? ?????? ??'??', , ??'??? ?, '??' ???'?' '??, '?+' ???? '?? ?' ?? ?'?, ? ?'??' ????' '???% ???-???? ??? '??, '?, ??'??? '?'?' ?'?''?', ? ???? ?' ?? ?''? ?+?+%?? ?'???''??? ???' ?' ?'? ?' '???'' ????? ??'?', ???' ????. ???? ?'?' '? '?? ???, '? ??%?'??' ??+?' '?'?' ?'?''?'. '???' ? ??''? ?' ?'? '??? ?', ?'??? ?? ?+????'?, ??? ???? ?' '?'?? ??'??' ?'???, ??'??' '???'???, ??'??' ??'?''????' ??, ??'??' ??'?? ?'? ?'?'?? ???'? ???'?'?.

'??'? '????' ?'?''?' ?? ?'' ????? '??'. '??', ?'??'? ???'' '??', ??', ???%?? ?????? ????, ? ????' +?' ???? ?+??????. ???%?? '????' ??' ???%?''?'?? ?'+?? ?? ?'?' ????' ???' ? ???? ' ?'?, '???'?' ?'???? ??????? '??'. (?? ?'?' '???'?'?' +??'?'??? ??'?'.)

????'? ?' ?? ?', ?'?' ????, ?' '?'? ? ?'???, ?'??' ?'??'?? '???'?'?', ?? ???'? ??'??'?, ?'?'? ?'???, ?'??', ?????, ?? ? +??' ?????', ?? '? ? ?? ?'??'?? ??????? ?'??'? ???'??? ?'????. ' ??'???? ??'?' ?'?? ??' +''? '???'?'?' '?? ??'?', '? ? ? ?? ? ''' ?????? ??, ?????? ????%?,  ?' ?'? ?'?? ???' '?+??'?' ' ???'??? ??+?. ???? ?'????', ?'?? ??' +''? ???'? ?'??'?, ?? ?'?'? ?'??'?, '? ?'??''? +'' +'

44 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

? ???'??? '???'?' ?; ?? ?' +' ? ????''??'?. '??'-'??' ?'????' '?'?? ???'? ?'??' ?'??? '?? ? ?''????'. ''? +''?, ???' ?' ?'? ? '??? '??'???' '??, '? ????? ?'' 'parole' (???).  ??'?? ?'?' '?, '?, ? ?'?? ?????, ?'?'?? '????' 17.

?' ?'?' ?' ?? '??? ' '??? '?' ??' ??? ?? '??? '. '??'''???, ?' ?+'?? ?'?, '? '???' ?'??' ????+???'? '? '?-'+? ????'?. ???, ?'' ????, ?'? ?'??? ???? '?? ' ?' ????: '?? ?', ???'? ?-?'??' ?' ?+?? ??'?? ? ???+'? '??? '?', ???+'?, ?'??? '? ?? ?'?'?? ???'?. ???'?''? ???' '''?? ???''? ?'? '???? ??' ???''? ?' '? ??'? ?+????'?, ??? ?? ????+? ?''? ???'? ?'??' ???'? ??'??' ???'??.

???? ?'?' ??'?'?, '? ???''? ?' ?+'' '? ???'? ???? '? ??' +'?'?? '??'???' ??', ??' ? '?'?? '?, ?? ????'? ??, ? +?? ????+?'? ?+????'?, '? '? '??'????'?, ?'?'?? ' ??'. ?', ?'?, ?'?, '? ?+?? ?'' ??? ?'? ?'?? ???'? ?+???. ??'??, ?? ? ????+? ?'? ??, ?' ?' ?'?? ?'. ?', ?'?' ???'?''?, ???? ??%? '? ?'?'?? ? ????+???'? ??'? '???, '? ?? ?', '? ?+?? ? ?' ?'. (-?? ' ???', ?' ?' ??? '?'?' ?'??? '??'?', ?'? ???? ??' ?'' ????.)

? ?'?? ' ??'??? ??' ''?, ???? ??' ? '? ??????? ?'?' ?+%???'? '?????' ?+????? ????? ?'. ' ??? '??'???? '??'' (1966) ?? ??'?' ?+?, ?'? ? +???????, ???? +?' ?'??? ???'?'??? '?? '???? ?'?'??, ??'??? ?'???? ?'' ?'??'??' ?'?'? ??'??'? ??, ?'??? ? ???''?' ?'? ? ??+?'???? ?'??'??', +?? '????'?'. ?' ?' ? ??'??, ?'?' ?? '?'?'?? ? ?'', '? '? '?'??? ?????+'?'' '? ????? ?', ?', ???'??, ? ???? ???'?, '? ?'???''??? ??''???? ?'' + ?+???' ?+?? ??'?? '??'??'? ?'??'? ?+?? ?'??' ?' ?????% ??? '? ???+%?? ??? ?? ?'?'? ??''. ????, ? ?'??' ??'''?? ????' ( ?? ?'????'?? ?+?+%?, ?'??, ?+??'?'?), ? ???? ?????, ???'? ???''???, '?+' ?+????'?, '? ??'?? ???? ???? ?'?. (??'??, ? ?+??' ?, ???'?? ?+?? ?'?? ?'? ?' ???'??? ??). ????? ??'??? ?' ?'?' ??'?'?, '? ?+?? ? ?' ??'???? ??'?' ?? ?'.

? ?+???, '???' '? ? ???'? ???'?' ? ????+???' '?-'? ????'? ?? ??? '; ??? '?' ?+? '? ?+?'??''?-

'' 2. '??'?? ??'?? 45

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

'?'?' ' ?' ?'?? ??'?'?, '? ?'??? ?+?? ?'??? '?????+'?' '? ?+??? ?'????? ?'?, '????? ?+?? ?' '???????? ???, '? ?'; ?'??? ?+??, ??''???? ? ???, +?' ????? ???'? ?-'????, ? ?-?'??. '???' ?+?, ? ??????, ????'???; ?? ??'?? ????+?'? ??'??? ???'? ?-?'??, ?-'???? ' ?-'??, ?' +?' ??'? ???''?'??%? ?+%?'. ???, ?' ?' ??'?, '? ? ??? ?? ?+'' '????'???? ???'??', '? ???', '?+' ??+% +''? ???'??, ?'? ?'? ?????, ?'??% ??'??' ???' ?????' '? '?19. '+?? ? ??' ?'? ? ???, ?' ?' ??'??? ???? ?+?' '' ?'?'?', ?' ??? ?'? ?? ?'?? ??'???, ?? ?? ?'? ?'?, '? ???' ?'?? ?' ?'? ?'? ??'???? '????, ?'??%?? ??? ?'?'?' ?''. ?'??'? '? '???'? ???', ?? ?'+?' '???'???' ?'? ? ???' ??'????? ? ?'. ????'??? ??? ?'? ?' ?'???? ?'', ?? ?? ??? ?'' '??? ??? ?'' '?? ??'?', '? ????+? ?'?'? ??'??'? ??? '??'?? ?'' '???????'? ?'?'?', '.. ???'? ??'??? ??'??. -'?' ?', ??' ????, ?'?' ?+?'?? ?'?? ?'? '???'?. ?'? '? ????' ?? ?, ? ? ?', '??? +', ??'??'?? ?? ?????'? ??????? ????' ??. ? ?? +' ??%?'?'? ?', ???%? ?? ?? ?'??? ??????, ?' +' ?? ??%?'?', ?' ? ???' +' ??'??? ?? ? '?? '??'??, ? ?? ?' ??? ?'? ??? ??+?'??'? ?'??. ??? ' , ?'' ??, ?' ?????+'?' ??'??? '?+??? ?'? ????' ??'?? ???'? ?', ?? '?'?? ?' ??? ?'?'?? ?'??'?? ????? ????'.

'??'? '?? ????? ?'?' ??'? ???? ?? ??? ????, ? ? ???'' '??'?? '??''. ?-

46 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

? ??, ?? ?'??', ' ?'??? +????'. -'? ???'?? ? ?+???' ?????; '??'? ??', ? ? ????, ?????? ?' ??+?' ?'??''??' ????, '??%  ??' ?+% ??'. ?? ?? ???'' ?????'? ????'? '????''??'? ??? ??? '??', ???? '? ???' ?' ?'? ? ???'? ??''???, ?+????''??? ??, '? ??'??? ? ?' ?' ?'? '???', ? '??'??', '? ??'?? ????'??? ? ? ????+? ?+????'?, ?+?? ??'?? ???? ???? ?'?, '? '??'?? '??? ' '?'? '? ????? ?'?'??. ????? +'??? ??? ??? ?' ???? ??'???? ?'?? ? ?? ???'? ????' ??''??' ?'??'??, ?''?% ????? ? ?????? '???? ?? ??'?, ? ?'?'??? ?'???'?, ???? ??? ?'? ?? '?? ? ''???'?. '? ? ?'??'??'?'? ???'?? ????'?'? ??'.

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 47

'' 3. ? ?????? ? ?????

? ????? ?'''?? ? '??'???? ?'; ?'? ?'??'? ???%?? ?? ?+?? '??, '? ?? ?'???'?? ??+?' ???'??, ???? ?'?'. ??? ?? ??' +', '? '?? ?? ?' ??'??? ????? ?'? '???'?. ?? ?? '???? ?'?? ???', ?+??'?'???? '?, '? ?'?'??? ??'? ?? ???' ???'? '?'?' '??', ???? ?'' ?+? ? ?????'?'? ??? ? ' ?+'?'?, '? ?? +''? ??'??' '??'?? ?????. ?? ? ????, ?? ?? ??' ?????'??'? ' ?'?'' ????'???? ???' ????'???? '??'; ??''  ????'???? ???' ??''?? ???'??'?. ???? '??, ??'??, ?'?' ??, ???? ??'?'? ??????? ???? ?' ???' 1.

??'??' ??? ????? ?'''?? ?????'??'? ? ?'? ? ???'? 2. ' ?+?' ''??'?? ???'??? '??' (1963) '. '. ? '. ?. ???? ??'??' ???? '+?'?'??? '???'' ???'??? '?? ?'?'??' ?'?. ??'?? '???, ????, ?? ?+????'? ??'??' ' ???? ????%?: ?? ????' ???'????'? ??'??' ?'???, ????'?? ? ???'??? ?'????'?, ?? ??' ??'??'?, '? ??? ?'? ? ?'?'?? ?'??? ???? ? ???? ??'???? ?' ?? ??', ?+?'??? ?'??? ??'??'? ?'???, ??''? ? ???' '? ??? ??' '? ???? ?'??? , ????%? ?-?'?? '? ??'' '?? 'Colourless ideas sleej furiously' ('?'?' ??' ??'??) ???'????, ?'? ?? +?? ? ? '? ??? ??'?? '???'?, ?'?? 'The boy hit th ball' (?'? ??' ? ???) ??' ???%? '?  ???, '? ? ?'?? 'The ball was hit by the boy' (?? ? ??? ???? ?'? ??), ?? ? ?'??, '? 'ball' ??'?+'?'?? ?? ? ?? '??+? ? '?? '? ????'?' '?'. *

''? ?+?????? ??+?' ?'?? ???? ? '?'??' '? ??', ???'??% '???'? ????' '?''''?'. ??' ? ???' ??''??' ??+?? ?+% ???'?, ?????' ???????' ??'?''????', ???? ??'?'?? ???? ?' +? ' ????? +?' ???? ???'?. '??? ?'??% ???'?, ? ????, ?''??' ??' ??'?''????'. '?''''' ?'? ?' ''?, '? ???''?' ???+? ?? ['????] ?')

* ??'??? 'ball' ??' ? '?'?? '??' ' '??', ?? '+''. ?' ???. ?.

48 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'???'?, ?' ????'?? ?'?? 'bachelor'. ?? ??? ???? ? ????+??' ??? * +??' ??'??'??? ' ???'? ???' ?' ' % ?? ?'?' '?????'?', ?' ''?', '???', ???? ? ?''''? '?? ? +'' ?''. ?????'??'?? ?'? ?'??%? ?+???: ?'??'? ?'> ??%?'''??? ?'> ('?) ?'> (???) ?' ['? ?? ? +'' ?']. ??'? ???' ''?' '???', ? ???? ???? ?, ??' '?  '????''??? ?? '? ????? ?', ??'??? ??? '??%?'''???'; ?' ? ???? ??'? ???'?? ?? ??'???? ?', ? ? ?'? ?. ' ?'' ?' ? ? ?-'? ?''??'? ?''''? '? ??' ?? ? ????'???. ???'??? ???'?? '???, ????, ?'?? ???'????? ?? ???'?? ????; ???? ?' ???'????? ??'??', ?'?'?? ' ?'?? ???'??'? ???'??? '?. ('??'? ???'' ?'?'?? ??? ??? ? ''??'??' ??+' ?'.)

-'?' ?', ?'?'???, ''' ?? ????. ? ?'? '?, '???', ''?' '.. ??''??' ??+?? ?'? ?????? ?' **. ??????, '?+' ?' ?+'' ???'? ??? ?' ?'? ? '??, ??? ?'? ????? ?'. ??? '?? ???? ? ''?' ????'?'?? ? ?'?? ??-'+? ?'?'???? ?' ?' '?+' ????'? ?'?, ? ?? ?'?' '?'? ?' '?' ???'??' ???'??? '??, ?'??'? ??''? ?'??? ''?'. '?? '???'?? ?????', ?'?' ???'??' ?' '?' ?'?'' -'? '??? ?' ? '????', ?' ?'??'? ???'?' '??? ?'?'? ? '?+?? ?'?'???? ?'. (-?'??, ? ????, ????+?? ?'?''? ? '?? ?', ?'? ??? ?? ? ??'?? '?'? ?? ?'?' ? ?'?'???? ?'.)

????' ??'?? ?' '??? ''' ????? ?'? ??'?? ?''??'? ?????. ??? ???? ?'?? ?????, ??''??% '??'??, ? ''???'?? ?'??; ????, ?' ' ?'?? '?+'?' ????'???? ???'? '  ??+?? ???' +?' ???'? '?? ?'? '??' '???'?', ? ?'??' ???? ?'?'? '?+'?',, ??? ??? ?%'?? ??? ???? ? '??, ? ?? ???? ???%?''?'?? ???'?? ?' ?' ???%?''?'?? ' ??, ???'??? ?'' ? ????, ? ???? ''?+???? ?'??'??'', ' '? ?' ?+???'?? '?+??? ?'??'??, '? ???'? ?'???'?? ???'?' ?'??'', ' ,

* ' ?'???? ?' ?'?? 'bachelor' (?'??'?), ??? '??, ?' ??? '+'?' '?'??'. ?' ???. ?.

** ' ???' ?? ', ?'?'???, ?+ ?'???? ?'. '? +? ??????? ? ?????? ?+ ?'?? ?'? ??' ?????? ? ???? ?'?, ???, ?'?' ???'?, '? '??? ? ???? +'' ?'????'??? ???''??? ?'????? ?'?. ?' ???. ?.

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???'

?'??? +'' ?''? ?? ????, ? ???'??? ?' ??+?? ?'''? ??'??' ???+????' ?????'??? ?'??'??', ???? ? ??. ' ??'?? ?'? ????? '?+??'? ????? ?? ? ??'?? % '?+, ?'? ?????'?'? ????? ?'??'?? '?+ ?  '?+??'? ?'??'?? +?' ?????'?'?. -'? % ?? ??, ?'???? ???? ?? ??? ?''?? ?' ?' ??+?' ???'? * ' ???. ' ?? ??' ?' ???' +?' ??'? ''???'?? ? '?, +?? ??'???? ??' ?? '?' ?'?'', ???? ?? ?'???? ???'?' ??? '?+?? ?'?'???? ?'. ?'?'? '? ???' '?? ?? ???'? ????' ??+'?? ??? ?+' ?' ?'? ?' ?'?' 3. ' ??'??%? ?' % ????? ?'?? ?'

'?' ????''??? ? ???? ?'?' '?, '?, ?? ?'?'? ????, ?? ? ?'??' ???? ?'?'??'? ????? ??'. -'? ???'?? ? ?''???; ? ??%?'?' ?'?' ? ??'?? ?'???''??? ???' ???'??? '??. ?? 1960- ??, ?? ??'?? ?'?????? ??'?, ' ??'] ''? ??'' ?????, ??'? ???'?? ?'?? ???' ??'?? '????', ?'? ?'???? ?'?' ??, '?, '? ' ???''???, '? ? ???????, ??+''' ''??'?? ??? '?''', ' ' ?? ????+??' ??' ?' ???, ??? ?'?* ?. ???? ?'?, '? ??? ????'?? ??' ?+? ? '? (] '???'? ?+'???? ?', ?'??' ?'+??'' ?'????? ? ???: ? , ???? ?'?? ?', '??''??? ???? '???? ? ?????' ''???'??? ????'' 4. (? ??, ??? ?' ??' ? ???? '??''??'?'.)

'?' ??? ? ??? ??'???? '? ????? ? ????' ?' ??'?''? ???' ?' ? ???'? 5. -'? ??' ?'! ?????'? '+????. +?'' ???'? ?'?''??? '???? ''! ?????????? . ?? ??? (? ?+'), ' ? ??+? ?? ? ?. ? ?''? +?' ''???'??? ?'? ?' ??? '??, ?? ???? ?' '? ?'?'? ???'? ???'? ? ???'??? '? ????'?? +'' ??+'??' ??' ? ??? '????'??? ''?? '?' (1974). -'? ?? ?'? ???'??: ???'? ??'?' 3t ? ' ?'? ?'?', '??? ????'; ? ?''? '?? ; ?'?''???? ?'? '??' ??????? ????, ?? ?+? ?' '???'??'? ???'??, ?? '?'?? '? ? ?+?'??'?, ? ?%??'? '???'??'? ?''??'?. ? ??? ???'??? ?' ci '? ?''?, ?'? ? '? '????''??'? ?????, ???? ? '? ???? ' ??'??'? ??''??''???? ???'?, ? ?+?%??? ??? ????? ?? ?'? ?? ??'?'?? ??'?. ??? ???'

* ???'? ?' ????? ????? +??'?, ??????? ??'?' ??' ?'? ?? '????? ???. ?'???. ?.

50 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'?? ?? ?? +?' '??' ? ?'?'? ???'?????' ?+?'', ?'??' ?? ?+%' ??? '''?? (?'? ?'? +?'???? ????, +'' +' ' ?? ?-?+?? ???'), ????''???, '?+' ? ?? +?'?? ?''?? ? ?'??? '''?. ??' ?? ???'' ?'? ??????'', ? ???? ??, '?' ?? ?' '? ??????? ?? '?? ? ?'?? ???? ??? ?''?. '????? '? ?+???, ?' ?' ?? ??'?', ?' ??? ?'?' ''?'. ' ?' ?'? ', ?'? ? ?? '??  ???'+ ?' ?' ?'??? ??''? ? ???'? '? ???????? ''???'. ? '??, ?'??? ? ?'??? ?'?, ? ???? ??? ??? ?????'???'??? ? ?'??? ?? ?? ??'?''?. ??'??' ? ???, +?? '? '??'' ' '?, ???'' ? ?+?'?. ?? '? +?'????' ''???'? ?? +'', ?' +?'???? ??'?', ?''?? ???.

?? +?'???, ? '? ???? ????? ???'''? ?'?? ?+?? ? ?, ?'? ??? ? '? ???', ? ???%?? ?'??' ?? ?'?'?? ???%?''?. ? ?? '? ??? ??'???, ??'?% ??'??? ? ??? ?? ?'???? '?, '?'?? ? ''? ? ???', '?? '', '? ?? ??+'??? ?''???? ??? ?'?' ?'?%?? ??, ??%?'??%? ?'? ?? '??'?, '?? ''???'? ?'. ????? ?'? ??? ' ? ?'', '?+? ??', ?'??'?? ??''? +?' ?????, ? ?? ?'? ? ???? ', ?'?, '? ??'?''' ???'? ???? ? ?'??? '? ' ???'? ? '???'??????'? ???'?, ?'? ?? ???'? ?+'?? ?' ? ???? ?' ? ????? ? ??'?''? ? '???' '??'?'???', ?'?'??? '????' ?????''. (???'??% ?'' ??????'???'? '???'??' ???''?'? ?? '???? ???'? '???? '??'? ???' ?+'? ???? ', ?? ?'??' ??' ?'??? '????'? ''? ???'?.)

'????'??? ''???'?' +'', ? ? ?', ???%? ??? '? ??+??? ?+?' ???'?; ?????, % +?'?? ???' +' ''???'???? ''???'?'. ' +''? ?? ''???'? ?+'???? ?' ''???'? ????'???? ?', ?'???? ?'??' ??'???' ??'''?, ???'? ? ????'??, ?? ?? ??'?, ?' ????, ???? ? ???, ? ?'??'? ?? ?-'? ????'?? ?+?'', ??-???, ?'???? ?? '??' ? ????'? ??%??. ' ?'?? ???? ?? ?? ? ???' ??? ?.

?? ? ????, ?'?? ? ??'??? ''???'?, ? '? ??''??''???? ???? ???' ?+'???? ?' + ??'???? '???'????? ????'???? ?'. ? ?? ?'?' ?''? '? ??? ??'??' ''???'? ??%???'?' (1970), ?'???? ? '??'?? ?' ?+?' '??? ??? ? '????'? ''???'?? ?????, ????, ?????? ? ??'??' ??', ?? ???? ?'?''? ?, ?'??' ?'? ?'?'?? ?????'?'?, ???? '? '?-

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 51

'' ?' ?+'???? ?'???? ?' ??''??' ''???'?? ?'??' '? '?+'??'? ?'??? ?' ? ?'?'?? '?'? ???'?? '??? '? ''???''.

?'?? ? ???? ?' ? ??'? ?? ??'''??? ?'??' ?' ?? ??''?? ???'???. '?'????'? +?' ??? ??'?''? ?? ????'? ?' ??' ?'?? ???%??? ?? ????'?'? ??'?'?? '? '???'. ???'??? ?-?? ?'?', '? ???, '? ?'''?? ??'? '???'? ??????? ?'' ? ???%?? ''??' ?'??', ?' ?'? +?' ??'? '?+'????? ? ? ??+???? ?'?? ?'', '? ?'?' ??+????'? ?' ?'?'' ??'??? ??? '?'?'????'?', '???'???????? ???? ??+???? ????'??'? ?'.

?'???? ???'? ?'? ??. ''??? ????'???? ?' ???? ?'??? ???''? ? '????. ?' 'V0' ?'?' ??? ??-'+? ?????? ????'???? ?', '?, ??'??? ???', ??? ??' ??'? '?'?? ??'??' ?'??? ?'??? ???? ?' ?' ' , ?'??'???? '+? ?' ??? ?'? '6', ?? ? '+'. ' ?'' ?' ?, ?'?? 'yellow' * ?? ?'?'?? ??%?'''??'?, ?? ?' ?'''??'?, ?? ?' '?'??. ? '?? ?'? ???? '???'??'? ?+??? ??'??'? ? ??'???? ??'?? ???? '??, ??? ????' ?'? ?'??'?? ?'? ' ??????'?, ' '? ??? ????????. ??? ???' ?'? +''? '?, '?+' +''? ''???'? ? ??? ?' ? ??? ???'? ? '???'' ''???? ??'? ?'  ???'? ??%?, '? ???' ?' ?'???? ??'??? ?'????' '??'? ?'?'??, '? % +?' ?'? ?'?'?? '?' '', '? '??? ??????? ?' ?'? ??' ? ?'?'? ? '??, '? '??? ? ??? ?'?'?? ?'??? ???' ?? ? ????, '? ? ???? ' ?'? ? '. ??? ?'?'? ???: ?'?? ''??? ?'?'?? ?''?'? ''???'??' '' ?' ', ? ???? ??, ?' ?+'?? ?'?, '? '' ?' ?'?? ''??? ?'?'?? ''???'??', ?? ''??? ?'?'?? ???'? ''???'??', ?'?'???, ?'.

' ?' ??+?' ''? ??'? ??????, ?? ???'? ??? ?''? '??'??? '???'??'? ?'' (1970) ?'?'? +?????????? ?'?'?, ?'???'?? ??'?? ??? ??? ?????? ?, '? '??%?'?' ?-'+? ?? '??'?? ?' ?? '???'??'? ?'?'??'? ?'?'. - '? '' ? ?'?? ?'??? ? ??? ?+?' '??+????'? +?'?'?' ??%???'? ? ???'??? ?'' (1951) ??' ?'?? ?+?? ??'?? ???' '???'???' ?'? + ?? ?'+?? ?', '? ? ??%?'?' ??'???? ?'? ?? '? ?'? ?'?'??'? ?'?; ?  ???'' ???'?? ?' ?'?? ? '? ?'???? ?' 6.

* ??'??? ?'?? 'yellow' ?' ???: ''?, '''?, '''?. ?' ???. ?.

52 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??, ?? ?'????? ??', ?? ??? ?'? ?''?, '?'?? ?'+??? ?'????? '?? ??'??' ???'?? ???'?'??' ?'?. ?????'?? ?' '? ?'?'???? ?', ?+' ?? ??? ????, '?'? '??  ?'? ???? ???''??', ???? ????'. ???'? , ???', ??'?? ?' ?'? ? ?''??, ? ? ????, ? '???'? '?'?? ''???' ?'???? ?'' ?' ?????'??'? '  ??' ??' ? ?'??? ?' '?? ?''? ?'? ???'''? ????, ? ???''?.

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

?'?? ??'??, ???'? ?'??, '? ?+???, ??'??'? '? ?'???? ?' ???'?, ?'??? +?' ?'?'?'??? ? ???? ?'??. ?' '''??? ???%?''? ??'? ?'?' ?????? ?, ?'? ?'' ??+?? ?'?'?: ?'??? ?' ??+??? ??''? ?'?'?????? '? ???? ? ???? ??'??'? ???%? '???'??'? ?'. ???'? '''?? '?'?'? ?+ ?' . ?' ???'?''? ? ???? '? ??'?? ''??'??'? ??'??'??????' (regimentation) ?'??? ?+'???? ?' '? ??'??'?? '??' ? ?'?'?. ''? ?'?? ' ??????, ???% ?' ??''? ????' ?'???, ?'?' ''?? '???? '???', '? '?'?? ?'???? ??'??'??? ??? ?+?'??? ?'? '?? ???'?' ?' ''?', '? ???? ?? ??', ''', '', '?'...'?...'. ''???, '? ?'?'? ?' ?'??? '??'?? +'??? ?'? ???'?'? ???? ?' ???' ?? ???%?? ?' ?'??? '???; ??''??' '??' ?'?'?, ?' ', ?'+??''?? ?'????? ?'? ?'???.

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 53

' ?? ??' ??', ?' ' ', '? ????' ?????'? ?'??? ???'???? '???'???? '?, ?????, ?'???', ??'?''??' '?? ??'??' ?' ??'??', ??'?', ??'?, ????' ??'?? 7. ????, '?'? ?'????? '??'???? ??'??'??????, '?' ???'? ? ?'?, ?'??, ????, '? ??'??? '? ? ???' ??'???? ' ?'??'??' ?' '?? ???, ?''? ??'??. (? ?? ?'', ?'??? '9 ??+??? +?'?? 7' ? +?' ?'??'? '?'?, '? '?'? '?' ??+??? +?'?? 7', ?'? ?'? '?' ???'?? 9.)8 ??? +?'????'? '?? ?'???'?? '??, '? ??+?' ???? ???? ?+??', ???+??? ? ?' ?? (???? ? ???) ??+?'' ???'? '? ??'???? '? '?+???? ?'', ?'??? ??'?' ???''? ?' ', ? ???? ??, ' ??''??? ?' '????' ??+'?', ????' ? ?'??'? ??'??' ?'??? ' ' ??+??? ?'? ?' 9. (' ??+??? ?'? ?' '?'?'?? ' ?'? ? ?? ?????? ??'.)

???'? ?' +'' ??'?? ? ??????; ?? ??? +'' ?'? ??'????'??? '?, ? ???%? ??''? ? ? '?, ??? ?? ????' ??. ??, ??? '? ? ???, ?? ?'' ????'?, '? ??+??? '? +?' ???''???, ?' ?? ???'?? ?? ????+ '????????? ?'??? ?'?'???? ?' '????, +'??? ?'???? ?'??'?? ??'? ''?% ?' ?'??? ?'?'?. (?'?, ?' ??, ??'???? ??'?' '??? ????' ??''?? '? ?? ?????.)

-' ???? ???'??' ? ?'?. ?? ??, '??? ?+'???? ?' ?'?' +'' +''? ???'?' ? '????; ?'? +'' ??'??? . -?? ???'? ??'?? ? ??'?????? ? '??'???? '?? ??? ??? ('?'??? ???', 1935), ?'??? ?? ?'??'?? ? ???? ??'??? ???'??? ?' '??????10. -'?' ??'??? ?' '??? ??''?' '? ???'? ?+?'???? ?'??. '''? ??? ??'?? ? ???''?' ??-'+? +?'???? ?'??,?'?' ?? '????'???? ???'' ( 1970),?''?'?? '?? ??''??? ??'? '? ???''. ?'?? ?? ?' ???' +''? ????' ? '???? ??'? ??'? ????+?; ?? ?? '?? ' ??'? , '?+' ?'? ?+?'? ???%?? ????? '? ???'. ??'? ?+???, ?'' ??, ????+ ?? ??'?? ?', ?'??' ??'??', ?'?' '??? ??' '??? ???' +''? ???'? ?'??'? ?+??? ????' ?? ? ????, ??' '??? +?' ?+% '???, ?? ??? ?' ???'? ?'??' ?'???, ?'? +''? ?'?? '????'?? ???'? ?'. % ??? ??? ???'? ??' ??-??? ???'??'? '??, '? '?' ? ?''' ??+????' '?? ??'???-

54 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??? ?? ??'???? ?' ? ?'?+???'?? ???'.

'?'? ?'?? ???'? ???'?????? ?? ?'??? '?, '? '?? ???'? '? ''???' ?'???? ?'' ??'''??? ??'?? ??? ?'???'? '?+???, '? ??'''?? ? ?+'?' '??? ???'. ?? '?  ??? ??? ?? ??? ?+??? ? ???' ? ?????'? '???? ''????? '?', '??%? ????', ???'?'', ??+ ?'??'. '????, ????, ??? '??? '? '???' ?'???? ?', ?'?'? ???'? ? ?+?' '??''? ?+'???? ?'???? ?'' (1973). ' ?? ?' ??? ' ?'?' ???'? ???, ?+???'' ? ?+%? ??%?'''??'? ?+???'' ? ???'? '?'?, ?? ??' ? '? ?? ??' ' ??+'?' '? ???' '??, ''?'??' ?+???'', '?+??% ??' ?+? ?'??', ?'??'? ?'????'??, ????, '?''?, '?' '?'?'?, '?', '??'???% ?'?? ???', ?'??'? ?'???'??, ????, '?? '??+???'. '?' ???? ???, ?'???'? ?+?' '??'??? '???'??'? ?'', +'' ???'?? ?'?; '? ?+???' '?''?, '?' ??'' '??  ???? '?? ', ?' ???'? '??, '?' '?'  ??'? ??', '? '??+???' (?? '?? ??'? ???'? ??'?? ??).

-'? ??? ?'???'?? ??? ''??, ??? ??? ?'?' ''??'?? ?'???' ???'? ????. '? ??' ??' '?'??' ?'?' ?'' ? ???; '?+' ??'??? ? ??, ?? ??'??? ???'? ?'? ?-?????. ?' +' '?-?+?? ????' ???'?, ? ?+????? ?? ??' '? ??? '????, ?? ?''' +' ?'??? ? ???'. ?? ?' +', '? +'??? ? ???? ??'??? ?' ?'???, ??'??%? '? ?'??? ?'??? '?? ???'??? ?'??'?, ?'??? ?'?' +' '? ?? ???'?' ?'?'?. ?? ? ?' ?? -'? ???'?' '?????, +?? '? ??''??' ?? '??? ??+'?' ? '??' ?'???? ' '??? ' ( ??? ??' +''? ???????? ?'??? ??'??'??'? ?????) ' ??+'?, ???'? ??' ?'???? '??, ??? ?'??? ''??'?? ???'??' ''??'?? ?? ????' ????' ? ?'?' '????'? ???? ????'??'. ?? ??', ??'? ??? ???' ??????? ??'?? ??'???? ??+?' '????'??'.

? ?'?' ???%?''?'? ?? ?' ??'?? ???'? ??'? '?'?+???', ?'' ???'?, '???, '?'??' ? ??'???? ?' ?'???? ?', ? '' '???, ??%?? ?'????'???? '?, '.. '?, ?'??? ???' ??'' ? ???'?, '?'?? ??'????'. ?? '?? ?'?+?? ?'?? '??? ??'???? '?? '??? ???'?? '??? ??'???? ' ?'??-

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 55

?'???? '?. (?'? ?'? ? ???-?????? ?'????; ?'?? '??? ?? ?'??'?? ???'? ??????'?, ' '? ??, ?????, ?'?? ?''?, '? ???? ?'?'?? '+? ... '+? ...) ?????, '???? '??'??? ??'??'?????, ??, '?'?? ''? '? ???'?'' '?'? '''? ?? , ?' ?'? '?, '? ???'?', ' ??'? ?'?? '??? '???? '????. ??, ?'?' ???'?, ?-?', '?? ?? +'' ?'???'??'?, ?? ? ???'?? ??'??? ?'??? ?'?, , ?-'??', '??? '???, ?'???? ??'?? ?'?? '??? ? '??'???? ??'??'?????? '????? '?, +'' ?'??? ?????, '?+' ?'?'? '?? ?'%? ?'?? ???'? ??' '??? ?' '?+', ??%??? +?' ????? ????, ??''? ?''? '??? '???'? ''???'' '?''?'? ''???''.

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

?? ?'? ????? ' ?' ?? '??''??', '???'??' '??'??', ??'??? ?'? +'' ?'? '? ? ???'?'? ??'?+'?? ?? ?''??'? '???. ?? ' ''???'', ???, ?'??' , ???? ???, ? ??'?. ???'?  ???'??'?? ?'??? '?-''', ??'??? ?'????? ??'? ???? ??+'''? '???'??'? ??'?'?? ?+???, ?' ???'??? ?????'??? '??, '? ??? ?'' '??'??'? '????', ??' ?' '???'??? ???'?'? ??%???'??', '? ?'? ?' ???'??? ?????'??? ' ?'?, '??', '', '?'?' . ' ?+?' '???' ?'????'??? '?' (1970) ???'? ??'' ???????? ??'?, ?'??? ' ??-'? ??'?'' ?'?'?? ?'?? ?'????'???? '?. ??'??, '?'?? ' ??-'? ??'?''. ' ?'????'???? '?,

56 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'??%? ?+? ' ??'??' ??'??', '??+???', ?'????'? '?'?'?? ?'????'? ??'???? ?????? ?? (? ?'?? ??'''??'? ?? ?''?? ??? ????') ' ???'? ' ??; ??'???  '? ?'????'? ?' ?'? ?'????'? ? ???'?' ??'?? ??'?+'??. (??? ?+? ?'?? ?'????'? ?' ?' ??'???? ?'??' ????'???? ?'???.) ?+%? '? '?? ???? '? ?'?'?? '?, '? ?'????'? ?'? +''? '?????': ?'? ?'????'? ? ??'???? ?'??', ???'??? ?? ?' ? ????, ?'? ?'????'? ???'?? ??? ???'??? ??'.

?', '?? ???'? ??' '????'?? ?', ?'??'? ???? ??' ?'??? ?????? ?',. '?'?? ??'??? ?'?? ??'??'? ???'?? ?'????'?, ?? ??' '? ?+???, '?+' ?'' ??'? ??'?? ?'????' +'' ????' ???'?' '?' ?%?' ????'?'. (?'? ? '?'? ???'???' ? ? ??' ? ??? ?'???.) ? ????, '? ?'?' ?'???? ?'?? ?'????'???? '?, ???'? ?'' ?''? '? ??? ??'??' ''???'? ??%???'?' ( ?'???? ?? ?' ?'?' ? ??? ??, ??' '?'?' '' ??'?', ?'????'???? '?), '? '?? ????' ???? '?+????'?' ?' ' '???, ''??%?? ??' '?? ????', ''? ??'??? ??+?'?? ???? ?' ''???' ?? ?'?? '??'. ' '????'???? ???'' (1970), ?' ??''???? 1969 ., '.. ? ???'? ??' '? '?'???'? ??%???'?', ???'? ' '?+?????' ?'????'???? '?, ' '???'? ?'???? ?' ?'?? +?' ????? ??'?'. ????? ,?'?? ?'???? '??? ????' ?'?'?? '?????'.

?? ?? ???? ?+?'' ???'? '?'?? ? ? +?'?? +?'?? ????' ?' ????', ' ?'?, ? '? ??? '????? '?, ?'? ?'?? ?'?' ? ?? ?'? +'' ???'??. , '??????, '????? '? ???'?? '? ?' ?? '? ?'???, '?' ' '??'??'', ?+'?'? ?'''??'?, '? ???'? ?'?', '? ', ??, ???? ? ??'??'? ?''? ('the'), ?'?' ?''? ???'?'? ?'?? ???' ?'????'??. -'? ??', '? ?? ?'?' +' ? ?'???? '? ?'?, '??????? ???'???? ???, ??'??? ?'????? '? '?' ?'?'?? ???'? ?'????'??, ?'?%? ?'%? '? ' ???', '???'?''. ? +?' '?+??? ??'??'???? ???? ?+'?', ?' ?'?, ??' ??, ???? ? ?? ?''???' ?+% ??, ?'?'??, ? ???''?'??%? ??, '????, ?+???%? ????' ????' ??' ???'?. ?? ???? ???'?, ?' ????'

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 57

??%?'??', ?' ?? ??'?? ??????, + ??'???'? ?'?, ??''? ?'??' ?'?, ?'??' ????? '????'???' ' '??'', ??', ? ???? ? ? +?' ?'?' ???'? '?????. ?'?-'? ??'', '? ?'? '? ?'??? '??? ?, ?? ?'? ? ??' ????'??? ???'???? ?'????' ???'? '??'?'? ?''??'?? '?, ? ??? ?''.

?'? ??? ???'??? ?' ???'? ??'??? ??'??' '????' ??'', '? ? ???? ?'  ? ?? ? ??' ????, ?' ?'' ' ?? ???'? '??? ???? '  ???' ?? ? ?? ??'??' ??'?'?? ?+?''??'. ???%?? ?? ?+?????', ????, ?'??%: ?' ?'??, '? ?'' '?? ''?'?' '??'??', ??' ? '? ?' ??, '? ?'? ??' +''? ???-'? ??'??. ?' ????'??? '??'? ?'?'?? ?'???, ?'? ??? '???? ???'?. ?+? ?'???? '??' ?'?'? +', '? ? ????' ?'' '?? ''?'?' ?'??'?? ?+%?. ????'?? ?' ??, '? ?'''? +' ?'' ?' '?? ''?'?', '? ?'? ?'?'??? ????'?, '?-'? ?? +' ? ?'? '  ?'?'?, '? ?'' ?' ?'? '?? ''?'?'? ? ?  '?-'? ? ?' ?'??. ?'' ???'? '?: ?'? ??? ??'''???? ?? ?'' '?? ''?'?' ??'''??? '??'??', ???? + '?? ???'? ????'? ??, ?'???? ?? ? '??'??' ?'????, ??, ??? -??', ??' ''?'?', ?'' '?? ?'?'' ?+? '??. ???', ?'??? '??'? ?' ?'? '??'? ? ? ????' ??; ?' ?'? ??'? +?????'? ???, '? ? ??%?'?' ?????? ??, ?'???? ?'' ? +'' +' ?''??. ''? +''?, '?-'? ??' ????'??? '??, ?'?'?? ' ( ??'???? ??) ?'' '???? ''?'?', ?'? ?? ? ??' ????'??? '??, ?'?'?? ' ?'' ?''??. ?'' ' ? ???'? ?'?'? ? ?' ?+?''??'? ?''?, '? ??-'? ??'?' ????' ??' '??'''??? ??%?'??'',  ?' ? ???? '?? '? ? ??'?', '  ?? ?-' +'' ?'? '? ? ''?? ?+???' ?', ??+?'? '? '' ???' ?? '?' ??' '?', ?' ?'?' ????, '???'???, ??? ????'?.

'? '??? ? ??%?? ?'???'?? ???'? ???'' ? ??' ??? '??? ?+?'?? ???'?? ?? '???'?''? '?'??' (1973). '??%? +''? ??'?. '??? ?' ??'? '?? ? ???'? ????, ?' ? ', ? ?'?? ??. '????' ?? ''???'? ?' ???? ?'? ?''??? +?' ?'??? ???'? +'' '? ??? ??'??? ?? +?' ??'?'? '??? ?' ???''?' ?''''???? ?'? ???????? ''???'. ???, '? ?'?? '???, '? ? ?''?? ?? ??????? ??. ?? ?'?'?? ?+?' ?'??? %'??? '?? '? ???, '? ?????? ? '????' ??' ?'?? ??' ???'??? ?+???'? ?, ???????) '? '??, '?+' +''? ' ??'??'? '??? ???'?? ??

58 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??? +''? +' ??'??? '? '??? ???'? ??? ?''? ?%, ?'?' ? ?'. ?? ?' ? ?????? ??? ''???'? '?. ' ?'???', ?? ?? ??? ' ???'?%???? ????? ? ?'???? ?? ???'. ' ???? ??'? ?'?? ???? ?? ??+?'' '??? '????', ?'??? ?'' ?+ ???? ??? ??'?, ' ?'? ''???'.

'?? ?? ?'? ????'? ? ? ?? ?? ?''?, ?'???? ?? ??' '? ?+???, ???%???? ??????, ?'??? ?''? '', ?' ???'' (1974). ?????, ??? ??' ? '? ? ? '??' +?' ?'??? ?+?' '?????' (1969) '?+%? ???'' (Synthese, 1970). ??? ?'?? +?' ??? ?''? ?? ? '?'?? ???'?? ???', ?? ???''??' '? ?+???, '? ?'? ???' ?? ?''?'? ?? ?+??? ???'. ?+? ?' ?''?? ? ??? ?'????? ??''?' ??+?? ''??? ??'' ?' ? ??', ?? '' '?? '???.

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

?? ?' ??? ', ?'?''? ??' '???, '?'?'? ?' ??-????? ???, ????'??, ? ??'???' '?' ??'???? ???'??? ???+%?' '? ???? ?+??, ???? ?' ?? ?'' ? ????? ???+%?'?. ????? ?'?? ??'?' '??? ?'?'' '? '?? ???, '? ??'??'? ??-'? ???'?'? ?' ?' ???'??? ?????. ???? ??' ? ?'?, '? '? ??'??'?? '?+?? '?? ??? ? ??+??? ?'? ?'. ', ? ? ????, ???'?' ??' ????'?. ? '?.

??'??, '??? ?? ? ?'?', '? ???'? ? ??-'? ?' ?' ?' ??'???? ?' ?+? ??'??'? ?+???, ??'???? ??'??'? ??'???? ???'?, ??'??'? ?'???'? ? '.. ?

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 59

?'?' ?? '??, '? ??? ? ' ??'? ???'?? ? ??'???? ??+??, ? ?'??'?' ?' ? ???' '??, '? ?'?? +''? +' ?'? ?' ? '??-'? ???'?? '?-'? ?'???'? ???. '?? ??'??'?, '?'??% ??? ???????? ?', ??' +' ??'?'? ???? ', ?? '?'?? ?'???, '? ? ? ? ?'? ?', ? ?'??' ?? ???' ?+%'??? ?? ? ????. ????, ?'?, ? ??'?'?'?? ? ??+???.

?' ???? ??''?' ??+?? ??'?????'?, '?, ?'?' '???, ??'?????'? ???+?? ??. '????, ?' ?' ??, ?' ?'? ??'?????' ?? ' ?? ???, ?'??' ?'??'?? ???'??'?, ?? ?'??'?? ?'?' '??, '? ?'?' ??'????? ?+%?? ?'???'. ?' ?? ?'??'?? ????, ? ???''??'? ???'??'? ????, '? '?'?? +'??? '???, '? ??'?? ? ??%?'?? ??'?????'?, ? ?'?? ?? ? ?? ???+???'??; +?? ??'?????'? ???, +''? +' ?'?'?  ????? ???+??''??? ? ??.

???+?? ???? ??? ??????'? ??'?''?? ???', '??? '? %'' ??? ? ?+' ''?? ?'. ??'?+'? ?' ?? ???+'?' ???? ' ?, ?'??' ??, '?+' ??'? ?+?, ?'?' ??'??''? ?? ??'?. (????' 'Ouida' -'?, ??'? ?+?' ?? ?? ??????, ?'', '? '? ?+' +'?'??, ?? ? ??? ???'. ?? ? ???', '? ??'? ?+? ' ?? ???? '?'?? ??'?'', ???' ''??'??, '??''' ??'????'.) ? ??'???? ???+%?' ???? ?'?, '? ??? ???'? ???? ?'??? ? ? '?? ?'????', ?' ?' ?? ?' ??%?'??? ???%? '??? ?' ?' ? ?'?? '?? ?'????', ??, '? ?'? ????, ??, '? ? ??''??' '? ?'? ??' ?'??' ??'??'????? ????, ?? ? ??' +' ?'??? ??? ?'????', ?' +' ?+???', '? ?' ? ??''??' ' '?', ?' ???? ??'??? ?'? ?'??? ? ? '?? ?'????' ?'?'?? '???'? ????'. (' ?'', ??, ?' ??%?? ?, ?'???? ??'??' '? ??' +' ??%'?,  ?' ?? ?'?? ? '?'.)

?' ??, ??? '? ????'?? ?'? ?????? ??, ?'??', +??'???, ??' +' ???''? ???'??? ??'???, ?? ?  ?'??'?? ????, ? ???'? ??'?????'??,  ?' ?? ?'?'?? ??'?'' '?????' ?'. '''?? ?'? ? '??, '?+' +'? ?'?'????. ??? '  ?' ???? ??? ?'???''??? ?', ???'?? '?'??'?? ?'??? +?' ??, ?'???? ?' ? ??' +' +?'?? '?????'? ??? ????+???'? ?'??? ?? ??'??'??'? ? ???%?? ?? ?? ???? ??'? ?? '?? ?'??'??? ???%?'?'. ??? ????+???'? ??'??'? '? ?+??? ??-'? ???'?'? ?', ?'?' '???, ?' ' ?' ???'? ???''?? ?'?? ?' ??? ? '???' ??'. ?' ?? ?' ?? ?'' ? ?'???? ???+%?'?,

60 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'? ?? ????' ? +?'??? ?' ?? ??' '?, '? ?' ' '?. ?'?? +'??? ?'?? ??? ?? ?' ??'?' ?? ??'??''? ?? ??'?. ?' +' '? ??'???? '' ?' ????, ? ?'?'? ??'????, '?+' ? +''? ?'??'? ?'? ??'??'??? '???, '? ?? ????', ?' ?' ?? ?' '?? , ?' ? ?' +' ??'?' 12.

''? '???, '? ?+???, ?'?? '??? ?' ?'? '? ?''' ? ????', ??''??' ???'?, ' ? ????', ??''??' '?????, ', ? ???? ??, ? ?' ????' ? ?'???? '????'??. ? +''? ? ?????, ??''??'? ????? '??? ? ?'?' ??? ??+'? ?'??? ?????. ??? ?? ?'' ?+???? '????'???? ???'', ?'??? +?' ???'? ?' ?'?' ?'? ?', ??'?'?' '?? ?'???? ??' ? ????'??' ?'?, ' '???'??????' ???' ????? ? '?? , ?? +'' ?'????'???' 1965-1966 . ?'???, ???, '? ? ? ??''???', ? ?? ?' ?+ ?'??'?, '?, '? ??, ?' ? ?'?', ?'' '??????' ?. -'? ' ???? '??, ??' '???, ?'??? '??''?' + ???? ' ?'?'??' ???'? ???'?, ?'? ?'???'. ''? ???'?? ?'?? ???'' ?? ?'' ???'? ?' ?'? ?'??? ?'' ?' ?'?? ???? ?? '?? ?'???%??? ? +?' ???'?%? '??? ?'?'''?, ???, ?' ??+?''? '??? ?'??', ?'??? ? '?'?? '?????? ??''???? ??? '??'?' ?'????'?' ??? '? ?'???', ?? '' ?'? '? ? ????' ??, ? '?'?? '?? ??, ?'????? ?'?'??? +''? ??'''??'?'. (' ?'? ??'??' ??'??? ??'? ?'?? ???'? ??''? ? '????' ????' ????' ???'.) ? ??'?' ?? ? '???, ?' '????' ??'' ?'?' ???'? +?'???.

? ?'?', '? ??? ??'?? ?? ''???'? ? ?'? ?? ? ????. ???'???, ????'?? ???'? ????' ??? ???+??? '? ?+'?'?, ?? ?+?' ???? (??'?? ? ??'??' '?'??), ? ?''??? ??'? ??? ? ?'? ????? ?? ?+?' ?'?'? ? ??'??, ???? '?????, ?'?????? '????? ?+?'?? '?'?????. '? '??, ??+?? ???? ??? ''???'?, ????'??'? ?'?? ', ?'??'?? ????. -??? ??? ?'?? ??? ? ?????'??? ' ?''? ?'?'?, ?'??' '?' ???' '????' ???' % ?? ????'?' ??-, ???? ?'?'? +?'???? ' ????. ' ??'?'' ??'?''??? '?? '?? '??? ?'?? ??'? ????'?. ??? ? ????, '? ????' ??'??%?, ? ? +?? ?+'? ??+??? '', ?' ??'' ???'?? ??'?? +?' '? ?+????'?.

'?' ?'?' ????'?: ?? ?? ?'?' ???? ? ????' ??? ???? +' ? ??+?''? '???, ???%?? ??'' '?'?? ? ??

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 61

??'''??'? ????'? ??? ? ?'??' ???' '????' ???', '? '??, '? ?' ??'?????, ????? ?' ?'? ' ?', ??''??? ?? ????' ??'? ? ????' ??'. ' ?? '?'?? ?' ? ?????? ?'???? ?? '?? '' ? ?'?''. ?' '?'? ??'??, ?'??? ??'???, ??? ???', ??'??? ' ?'???, '???'??? ? ? ??', ?? +''? +' ??? '??', '?' +' ?? ??'??? ??'?'? ?'??? ??'?, ? +' ??'', '???'?? ? ?'??? ??'?, ???? ?? ? +' ?'?' ???'. ??' ' ?'???'?? ?'?''? ??', ?'??' ?+????'?' '?' ? '??, '? ????'? +', ?' +' '?-'? '?-'? +''? ?'??; ?? ??'???' '????'??' ?''', ?'??' ???'??'?'?? '+''? +' ... ?' +' ...', ??' '?' +'' ?'?' '?, '? ??' ?? ? ????'. (-?'?'? ??'???? aqua regia *, ?? ??? ?+?'??? ?'?'? ?'?' ??'' '? ???+.) ?? ????' ? ???'???'?, ?'??' ??? ''???'' ?'? ??'??' ' '??? '?'?????'?', ' '??? ??? '??, ? '? '?-'? +'' +' ?'? '?'? ?. ''? +''?, ?'?? ?+' ???'?'??' ?'???, ?'??', ? ?'? '?, ????' ? ??????'?, ? ? ??'''???? ?'?? ', ?'??' ?', '? ? ??, ?'? ?'??'?.

'??' ? '? ?' ???'' ', '? ?'? ?'?'?, '? ?'??? ? ??????'? ???? ?'????'??'? ?'??? ? ??'''???? ?'?? '. ?'???? '??? ?'' '???'?'? + ?+??????' ? '????+???' ' ????'?????', ??'?''? '?'??, ????', ? ??'''??' ??%???' ' ??'??' ???'. ? '?+??? ? '?+?????' ??'' ??''? ? ??'''???: ''? ????' ??' '??' ??'''???? ??' 13. ? ??'? ?+????'? ?'? ?? ?+?' '?', '?'?' ???' (1954) +'' ????''?, ?? ?'?? ?' ?+ ?'??. ' '?, ??' ?'??? ?+?? ????' '?'??', ?? ?''?? ? ???' '??'??'??'. ? ? ???? ?'????'??'? ': ??? ?-????'??? ????'?, ?? '????''?', '??'? ????'??', ?' '+?' +?? ?''? '??'??'??' ?'?? ????' ? ?'?, ? ?'? ? ?'?'?? ??'''????' '????''?', ?? ?'??'?? '?'? ? ???''?'??% ?+?'??''??'; ', ?' ??'??'?? ???? '?? ?'?, ? ????'? '????''?' ???? ??? ? ??? '??'? ????'?', ?'??'? ' ?+'?' ??'', ??'?' ?? '+', ????, ??'' ??, ??'?'?%?, '? % ??'?? '?'?? '?, ? ??' ?'??'??? ' . ??'? ?+??? ??'?''?? ??'??? '?'? ?'?'?? '??'??'??' ??? ??? ?????+?' ???. ''? +''? (???'????? ?? ?+?' ?+''??'? ?????), '?'? '?' +' ?

* ??? ? (''.). ?' ???. ?.

62 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'?' ?'? ?'?'? ?'?? aqua regia, '? ??? +' ??'??'???' ??''?' ??+?? '??'??'??' ??? ??? '??, '? ? ?'?'? ??%?' aqua regia, ??? ??'''??? ??'???'??.

-'?' ?' ?' '??? ??', '? ?'? ??'?''? '?'??, ?'??'? ??, ??, ?????, ?' ???' ??? ?'??? ??+'??. ???, '? ? ??? ?+?+%? ?'?' ?'??? ??-'+? ??'?''??? '?'??. ?+?+%? '???' ?? ???' '? ?? ??? ???'?''??' ? ?'?' ??'?''?? '?'? '?' +' ?'?'?? ???? ???, '? '? ????? ?' ???'??'?? +''. ' ?  ???'?' ?'? '??? ? ??' ???'??'??? ?''??, ?'??'? ' ?', ???? '? ?????+?? '?'? ?'''?? ?' ?? ?+?+%?? '?, '? ??'' ??'?''? '?'??.- ?-'? ? ?'???', ??? ?? '?'?? ?'??' ??'?''? '?'??, ?? ?'. ???'??? ?? ?+?? ?''?? ? ??'??'?? '??+'??? ??'.

'?'????? ? ?'?? ??+'???, '??? ?'' ???, ?'??'? ???'  +?'?? ?????, ? ??? '''??. '???'?, '? ? ????', ?+'??' ? ????' ??? , ?'??'?? '?'?. -'? ?+'?? ?''?? ?'??? '?? ?'', '? ? ????' ?'??'?? '?'?, ?' ?? ?' ??'? ??'??'?? ? ??+'??' ?'?. ??? ?????'?? +?' ?'??'? ?' ''?+??'. ?? ????'?? ? ?? '?'? %?, ?' ?' ' ? ??? i, a ??'??? ?'? ?' ? ?? ?'?+'? %?. ???'??? ????' ??? t ?' ???? ? '? '?'??, ?'??%?, '? ??-'? ???? ?'?'?? '?'?, ???'? ?'''??'? ?? '?'?? ? '??, '? ?'?' ???? ?'?'?? '?+'?, ? ?' '?'?? ?'?' '? ?'?, '? ? ????' ?'??'?? '?+'?. ??? ??' ??? t ??-'? ???? ?? +' +''? '?+'?, ?' +' ?? +'' ?'?+'?, ?? ?'? ? '. ????  ? ???? ???' ?'??% ??' ?' ??? ???%?''?'? ??'??'?? '???, ?? ? '?+???

'??? ?'', '? ?? ??' ?'''? ? ?'?' ????. '???? ?+?+%???, ?'?? ''?'?' '?? '????'???', ?' ?'?? ''?+??', '?? ??'?', '? ???'?? ? '??'??'?' ?'? +'' ????'?. ?? ?' ? +?? ?'?+'?'??? '?, '??? ?'?''??? %%' ?'? ??? ?? ?' ?+?' ??' ????, ???? ?' '?? ????, '? ?? ????? ????'?. ?+? '? ??? ????+???'?? ??'??'? ??? ? ??+'? '??? ?+'?? '?? '??, '? ?'+' ? ?? ??'? ?'?'? ? ?'?.

?????, ?''?? ?' ????+' ?+?????? '?? '? ???, '? ??'?''? '?'??, ????'??' '???' '??? ??+?? ? ?+?'?' ?? ???'? '????' ??''. ??'?'???

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 63

''???' '?? ??, ????, ?'?', '? ??'??' '?'?? ? ?'??'??, ?'??? ????, ?'??'? ' '??'?. ?? ?'??' ??-??' '?'?? ' ?+'?' ??'?' ??'???? '???', ?'? +''? ?'? ? ??? ? '??, '? ??'??? '?'? ?' ?'? ???%??? ?????, ? ?'??14. '??? ??????? ? ?+' ? ?' ?'' ?'?'?'? '?+? ??'??? '?'? ????% ? ??'''????. ?? ??''?'??? ??'?, '? ?''? '?'?? ??'???? '??, ???? ', ?'??, ???%?? ? '?'' (???? '?' +' ? +'' ?''?????', ? ??? ?????'?? '???? ????????), ? ???''?'?' ??'''????', ???' ?'???'??? '?'?? ??+''?? ????' ??. (''? '??? ??, ?+'?? ????'? ?? ??'''??'?, ?' ?'? '?? ??, ?'???? ?' ?? ? ?'??'?, ?'?''???, ???? ?'?? R?, ?' '?'? ???'? ''? ?'????'??'.) '?+' ???'? ?? '???, ?' ??? ? ??? ?''??? ?' ?? ?+?'??? '?? ??'??' '?'??' (1968) ?+?' '?'???.

'?'??? ??' ? ?????'??? ?'???' ??? ?+?'??''??', ? ?'??' ?' ?? ?????? ???'? ?''?? '?'?. ??? ?' ????? ? ???? ?? ???  ??' ?' '? ??? ?'??? '? ???????? ?'?-?????? ''???' ?' ?????'??? ??'?? ?'????' '? ?''? ?'???. ?', ??'??? ?'?????? ??? ???, '?+' ??'??'?, ???'? ?? ??'??? '?'? ' ?', ?' ?'?' ?+'? ? ?'?' ? ??%??? ? ?? ???????' ???? ????'?'?, ?'?'?? ' ? ?'?? ?'??'? ????', '? '?'??? ??%' '? ??%???? ???????'? ????' ??? '??'''??'? ??', '? ??%???? ???????'? ????' ??' ? ?'?'?? ?' '????'? ??', '.. ??, ?'???? ?'?' ?'?? ' ?'??'? ?? ?'????? ???'??? ?'''?? ?' ??'''???? ??'. (??'?  ?'???, '? ?? ??''' ?'? ????? ? '?? ??, '? ?'? ??'?' ?? ?????+'? ? ?? ' ???'? ?? '? ??'??' '?'??.) ???'??? '?' +' ? ??'?' ? ??'?, ??? ?? +'' +' +?' ??''??' ?'???, ?' '?'?? ?' ??? ?? +'' +' ??'' ??, ?'???? ? ??'''??? ??'?' ? ??'?, ?? ?'??'? ?? ?'????? ???'??? ?'''?? ?' ??'''???? ??.

???, ??'??? ?'?'?, '? ?'? '?'? ?'?' ?''? ?'??'?  '?, ?, ??'? ?????? ??'?, ? +'' +' ??'', ?? '?'?? '?? ?'?, ?' +' ?'?'?? ?? ?+?'??''??' ? ?? ????+?. (?? ??'?, ????, '? ? ??'?? +' ???, '? ? ? ?'??' +' ?+?'', ? ?'?'' +' ?'??? '..) ???, ? ???? ?'????', ?'?? ?'?'?, '? ?'? '?'? ?'??? '?'?? ??, ?'??'? ? ? ? ?'''?? ?' ??%?'??%? ?? ?'?-

64 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? '??, '? ? ??'?' ?????? ??'? +'' ??''. ?+?, '?+' ?'''??? ?'??, ???'? ?? ?'? +'' +' ?'''??? ?? ?'?????. ?? ??'? ? ??' ? ?'? ??'?'?; ??'?'? ???-'+? ??'? ?' ?' ? ?''? '??, '? ? ??'''????' ?'', '.. ???'??? ?' '???' ??'? ?' +' ?'? ? ?''? ?? '?????', ?' '? ??'? ????'? ?? '???'???' ?'''?? ?' ??'''???? ??. ?''??? ??'? ????? ??+'??, ??? ??', '? '??, ?????, ?'?+?'??? +' '?'???'??'?' ? ??%???? ? ?? ???????'? ????, '?+' '?'? ? ?+'??'? ? ?'?'. ?+? ? ? ??' ??'??? ??'??.

' ?'' ?' '?'???, '??? ? ?'' ?+%?? '??? ??'??' '?'??. ?? ?''' ??? ?? '???'?''? '?'??' ??' ? ?'??? ? '??, '? ?'? ??'?''? '?'?? ''??' ?'?? ??'??' '?'??, ?'?? ???+'?'? ?. ? ? ?? ?? ?+% ?' ? '??? ??? ????' '??? '?'???, ?'? ?? '' ??'?? '???, ??''?? ????' ??' '???' ?? ?? ?'?. ??? '?'??? ''' ? ?? ??? ? ????'. '?-?', '?'-??? ???', '? ??-'? ?? ???? ??'??'? ??'? +'?, ???%??? ? ?'??? ?????? ???'??? ?' '?'??'??? ?? ??, ?? ?' ??'''???? ??. '??? ?'? ?'?'. ''? ??, ???%? ?'?? '??? ???, ? ??%?'?' ??? +'??? ??. '?-'??', ??'??? '????, '?'??? ? ' ??''??''???? ?+?????? '??? +?'????? '??? ??'?''? ??'??' '?'??, ?'??' ????' ???' ?'?? '?? +'', ? '+'' +'', ????: ' ?? +' +''? ??''?, ?' +''.

?' ? +?? ????'?'? ??'??% ?+???, '??? ?''?? '?'??? ?'''? ? ?' ???? 15. '??'??? ??? '??????? '?'?'???' ?'??' '????' ???'. ? ?'?, ??''???, '? ?? '?'??? ?' ?????? ? ??-?? ???????'? ???? ?????? ? ????' ?? ? ??' ???? ?''; ????? ?' '?' ???? ???' ? ????' '?'??. ???'??? ?''? ????, ? '??? ??': ' ???, '? ??? ?+??? ? ?'??''?? ????' ??' ? ?'??'? '??'?? ??%???'??: ? ?'? ????'??''??'? ?'??'? ??%???'??. ?? ? ?'?? ? ?'? ?'???? ????' ???, ? ??, '?+' ??? ???' +?'???'.

?'?'???, '?-'? ??'. '???'?, ? ?'??, '?, ?' +' '??? +'' +?', ?? ' +' ? '? ?????. ? ?'? '?, ?'? ?'?? ???' ? '???, ??%?'??%? ??, ??? ??'''???? ??. ? ??' '??? ??'??? ' ?????? ??? -?? ??' ??+'? ''???????? ?'??''??', ?'???? ???+? ?? ?-

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 65

? ?' ????. ?'' '??? ???'?' '??, '?, ?'? '??? ??' ??%?'?'? '?'?? ???? ??, ?? ?' '????' ????' ??, ?'??' ???'??? ?''?'?? ?' ?? '???, , ?' ????'??? ??'??? '?'? ?'???, '? ? ?+ ???? ?' ???? ?'?? ?'?, '? ?? ?'?'?? +?''? ? ?' ?????? ? '?. -' ??? ??' '??''??? +'?' ???'? ? '????? '?' ?' ?' ? ??? ??'???? ?'? ???? ?'??????', ???'? ? ?? ?'?'?? '? ?? +'?, ? ???'? ?? ??? %?, ??%?'??%? '?'. ????? ?'?' ?? '??? ? ??'??' ? ?' ??'????'? de re, ? ???' ?' ?? ????'?, ?'??'? ??' ?'? ?+''?, '?+' +''? '?, '? ?? ?'?, ????'?, ?'??'? ?? ?+'' ?'????. ?? ???? '???, ????', ?'??'? '??? ?'? ?+''?, +??' ?'? ? ? ??? ?' ?'' ?' ????', ?'??' +??' ?'? '?'?? ?? ' ???'?? ????. (, '??? ?? +' +''? +?''?, ?? ? ?? +' +''? ??'?, ? ??' ? ?'?? +''? '?????.)16

?' ?? ?? ?'?? ? ???' 17. '??????, ?? ?'? ?'' ??'??'? '????' ??'' ???', '? ???'? ?? ?'???'?. ? ? ?? ??'? ? '????? ??+????'?' (1980), ?'??? ?' +'' ??+'?? +?'??? ?''??, ?? ?'???'?? ?'?' '??????? '?'?'???' ?'??'? '????' ???'. ?? ?'? % ? ? ?' ?? ?'+??'' ?'?????, ????+'??, ??''??'? ?????? ???? ? '???????? '??', ?'??'? ?+?' '??? ?'?'? ?? '???'. (?? ???', ?' ?? ', ''??????? '??'?' ??? ??'?'.) ? ??''???' ? ?'???? '????'? ???' ???'??? '????? ???.

????'??, ???' ??, ?+'?' ?'??' ??'. ???'?, '? ??-'? ????' ?' +???? ?? ? ' ??'??? ?, ??? ?' ?'???. ?' ??? ??'??'? ?'?' ??'''??'? ??'?'' ?? '????'' ? +???? ??'?. ?'? '?? ????'? ??' ? ? ??', ? ???? ??, ???? ??''? ??'???'? '????'? ??'. ???, ??? ??'?'' ?'?, ?? ? ??? ??'?' +' '  ??' ??', ? '???'; ?''? +''?, ??? ??+'?' ''???????? '??'' ?'? ?'??' ??'? ? ??%?'?'.

-'?, ??' ??, ??+'??? ???'?? ???. ? ?'?, '?'? ??'?''? ????, ?' '??'? ?''? ? '?'?? ?'??' ??', ?? '?, ? +' ?? +''? ?? ?? '??, ?'? ? ' ?' ?'? ?+ +?' ? ??, ???? ? ??? '?? ??', ? ???? ????, ''??'. ??? ?'????'? ?' ?'? ?? ? ?'? ?''? ?' ?? '?' '' ?' ?'?'? ??'? ?'? ?'??' ??'?, ?' '? '????' ??'' ??''??' ??+?? +?'?-

66 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'?' ???'???? ??'''???? ??. ?? ??', ????? ??'???' '??? (???? '?????, '?') ?'? ??? ?'?', '? ??' ?, ? ????' ? '????' ??'. (???? ????? ?'': ????' ??' +'' ?' '? ?+?????? ??'????'; ?  '?? ?' ??? ??????, '?  ?? '?, ?' ?+?%??? ?? ?+?????? ??'??'? '?'???.)

?? ???? ??'? ''? '??? ????' ?? ??+?? : ?-?', ???' ?' ?? ????'? ??+??'?; ?-'??', ??+?''? '??? ?? ??+?'??'; -'?'?, '??'? ??' ?'?? ??+????' de re, '.. ?'? ?' ?? '? ??? ???-, ?'?? ??+????'? ?'????%??? '?'?? ?'????, ?' '? % ? ??+????'?? ?+'?' ??'??'? ?? ????'; , -'?'', ??????'? ???' ?'????? '??'. ?? ??%?? ? ?? ????+???'? '???'????? ?'? ?' ? ?'?, '? ?' ????' +??' ?????'??' ? ? ???? '?? ???'. ?? ?'? ? ': ? '????? ??+????'?' ??''?' ??+?? ???'?? '?, ??'??' ?'???'???? ???. (??''??? ?? ??+?''? ?????? '???, ???' ?? ?? ??? ?, ?? ???? ??'?' +' ??'???, ? ? ???'??.) ?????' ???? ? ?'? ???' - ?'?? ? ?'???'???? ???', - '??, '? ?? ? ?' ??''? ?+? ?'??? '????'???.

????  '? ?'???'??? '??? ' ?? ??? +?' ???, ??? ?'????, ?''? ?? ?'' '?-'? ?? ????? ???, ??'???? ??' ' ''???'?, ?'??', ? ?? '???? ?+?'''????', ? ????+?' '??'? ?? ?????' ??'?'??' ?'?'; ?? '????'???' '?? ?'?, '?+' '?'?? ? ??'??'? ???'?' ? ''???'? ??', ??, ?'? ????, '? ''?+?? '??? ?'??, ? +' ???'??'? ? +''? ? ?+?????, '?? ???'?? (!) ''???'??? ????''. ?? ?+' ''???'? '?????'? ?'?'? ?'? ?'???? ', '? '''?? '? ???'??? ? '??'?? ?'? ????? ????? ? ???%?? ????' ????' '???'??' ???+???', ' ?'' ???'? ''?? ??''? ? ??????'?, ' ? ?? '???'??' ?'?'? ?'??'. ???, ?? ?'', '? ?? ?'??'? ???? ?'?'?? '?? ??'??'? ?'??, ?'? ?+?' '??' '???'??' ?????? ??+??' '?, ? ????'??'? ???? ?'?'?? ?'??? '???? ??+'???18.

?+?'??? '?? ??'??'? ''?? ?????. '?, ???' ??, ?' '?-'? ?????, ? ?? ?'?' ?'? ?? ???'? ?' ?'' ????+??. ???', '??+????'?' ?' ?'? '??? ???': ?'?'?, '? '?'? ?'?'?? ??+??? ?'??'?, ?' ?'?''??? ?'''? ? ????: '??'? +' ?'? '?'? +''?

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 67

'??'??' ??'?? '-'? ?'? ?' ???'?' ?'?'?? ??+???? ?'??? ???? ?''??, ??'' ' ?' ? ?'????'? ????? ' ?'? ', ?'??? '? '?-'? ?' ?? ?'?, '  ?' ??'??' ?'? ? ???%?? ????'?. ?' '?? '', '? ?' ??' ? ?-'? ?'', ?? ? ?+ ? ?'', '?' ??, '? ?'? ?? ?? ? ?'?'?? ??+??? ?'??'?. ' ?? ??'??'?? ????'? '?? ??+??'?, ? ???? ??, ?' ??????'?% ??.

?? ?????'?? '???? ????, ??%??? ?? ??+?'??' 19. ?? ?'' '? '?'??? ?'????' '? ??? ?'?? ????, ?'? '?, ??? ?? ??'', ?'? ???'??. ? ?? ?'?'' '?''???' '?? ???, ??'??? ?'???? ?? ??+?'??? '?-'? ?+??', ?? ? ??' ? ??+?? ??? ???? ?+????? ? ?+?'. ( ?'?? '? ???, ?' ??? ?'?, '? ??-'? ??' '???, ? ?? ? ?? ?? ????.) ?'??? '????, ''???-???'????', '? ???, ?? ??+?'??? ??''?' ??+?? ???%???? ??? ?' ??, ???'?''? ?'?'?? ???%?? '? '?''? ?'???'. -?? ??' ' ??? '?????'?, '?, ?' +' ?-?+?? ??' ?'?'', '? ?''? ?'??? +'' ?????', ? ???'?''?, ?' ? ?'' +' ?'?? '?, '? ???'?''? ? ??%?'?', '? ?'? ?? ? ?' ?'??'. '????? '?'??, ''??'?????-??'???', ? ''?'?? ?+??' ?'? '?????'?; '? ? '?'??' ?? ??'?'?? ? ?-???-??'???? ???, ??'??'? ??? ' ????'. ?? ??? '??, '? ''?'?? ''? ? ??%?'?', ????''?? ? '??, '? ???''??? ?'?'? ?' ??? ?' ?'?, ?''? +''?, ???''??? '? '??, '?+' ??'??'? ?' ? ?'?? ?? ?'??'.

'??? ?? ??' ? ??'? ??, ? ??%?'?, ?'??'?? ? ???? '??  '???. '???'?, ?' ????: '???'?''? ??? '?+' ??+'. ????'? ?'? '?'?, ?'?' ??, ?' ??''?'? ?+ ??'??, ? ?'??' ??? ??'''??? ?'???, ' ??'??, ? ?'??' ???%?? ?? ??? '??'?''??? ? ?'??, -'? ?' ???%? ? ??'''??'? ??? ?'??, -'? ?' ?'', ?'?'?? ?'??'?, ?'? +' ?'?'. (??'??, ? ?'??' ???'?''?, ?'? ? +'' +' ''???'??, ?? ?  '?+' +' ??+.) ?? ??'??, '? '???'?''?' ?' ?'? ???%? '? ?? '??'?? '? ''???' ?'???'' (' ???%? '? ?'?? ?? ???, ' '?''? ?'???'). ? ??? ??'?''??? ??, '?-'? ????, ?? ?? ''?', +'' ??'?? '? ''???'?? ?'???' ( ?''? ?'???, ...), ???? ? '??, '?+' ' ?'?' '? '? ??+, ?' +' ?'???? ?'????' ?'??? '???'?''? '?+' ??+'. ? ?? ?'', '? ?'? ?? ?? ????'?? ????. -??'?? '??? '??? ??? '?, ?? ??'?' ?? ??+?'??' '?' ??'??'': ??'? ?+?-

68 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??' ??? '?  ?? ?????? ??. (?' '', '? ??? ?' ??' '? ???' ?'? ??? '?  ??, ??'???' '?, ?? ? ?'?'??, ? '? ??? ???, '''??'? ?+?'??''??'??. ?%?'??' ??' ?'?'??? ?'??? '???'?''? '?+' ??+' ????' ?''??, ? ?? ???'?'' ' ??. ?? ?' '???'?''?' ??'??'?? ?? ??+?'???, ? ?? '?? ?'?'?? ??? ??'??'?? ?'? ??'??.)

'??? ??, ??' ??, ?' ??' +''? ??'??'? ? ???%?? ??. ?'?-'? ?? +' ?'?, '? ? ''?' ?'?' ?' ? ? ? '?-'? ????'?. ?? ?'?, ??'??? ??, ? '?'? ?'?? ??'?+'?? ??. ?'? ??'?+'? ?? ??'?? ? '?%??', +?? '? ?????'??? ?? ? ?+?' ' ? ???, ?? ??' ?'?? ?? ?'?? ? ? ?' ???? '? ?????; '? '? ??'?+'?' ? ?'???, ? ?????? ????' ? '? '??  ???? ?'???, '?, ?' ?'???? ?? ? ??''?''. ' '?+?? ?'?, ?'?' ??, ??? '? ???'?, '? ??? ??'??'?? '? ??'??'?? ?'?? ?? ?' '? ???????, ? '? ??? ?'', ?' ???? ??? '? ???'?, '? ??? ?'?'?? ??? ???? ? ?'???.

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

??  ?'?? ?'? ?''?? ' ???' '?'??, '-?'?'? ?' '???'? ???? 79'? ?'??? ??'??? ??, ?' ?'?

'' 3. ?' ??'?? ???' 69

'?'? ?'???, '? ??? ??+??? ?'???. ?+? ?? ???'?? ? %?', ?'???? ???'?' ?'?'? +'??? ?'????? ??? ?'?'?? ?'?'??. ???+?? ??, ??' ??, ??? ??, ?' ??. '??+??'?' ?' ?'? ?'?? '??, '? '?? +' +''? ???'. '??' ? '? ?? ?'?', '? ?'?'? '??'? +' ?'??? ?? ? ??? ?'??'??', ? ???? ? ? '??, '? ??? ??'? +' +''? ?'??'?? ? ??? '???'? ??????. ? '?? ?'? ??' +''? ??+???? ?'??? '?, '? ?'?'? ?'?'?? ??? ?'??'?? ? '???'? ?????? 79?

' ?'?? ??' ?? ?+' ??? ? ???. '? ?'?? ? ?????'?? ???' ??+'? ?? ? ' ??? ???' ''???????? '??'' ?+???% ??'?'?? ? ??' '??'? ??'???? ?'?' ???'??? ???????' ??'?', ??'???? ? ???'??? ???????' ??. ??  ?? ?'?' ??, '? '???'??? ?'???' ?'?? ? '??, '? ?'?'? ??'? +' ?'??? ??? ?????, '?'?' ??'? (???? ?+'''???) ?'??? ? '???? ??????' ??%?'??? ???? ?????, ?+'?%? ?? ????'?, ?'??' ?? ?''?? ??'%? ?'?'?'. ???+?? ??? ???? ? +''? +' ?'?'??, +? ?'?'? ??+??? ?'?'?? ??? ?'??'??, ???, ?'? ?'?', ?'? ???? +''? +' ????? ?'?', ??'??? ??''?'? ?' ??. ?' ?' '%''??? '????'??? ??? ?'?'? ?' ?'?, ? ???? ??, ?? ?? '' ?'? ? ?, ?' ' ? ???? ?, '? ??'? ?'?? ??+???? ? ?' ?'?'?, '? ?? ??' +' +''? ??'??'? '?'?? ?????, '? ? ?' ??'???, ?'' ??, ???'.

?'? ??'????'?? ?? ?+?%'?? ??? '?''???? '? ?' ????'??''????' '??? '??' ????? ??. '?+? '??'?, ?'' ??, ?'?'?? ??+??'? '??'??. (??  '? ??? ??'?? '??; ?? ?'? ??? ?'?'''?? ?' ??'? ??+?'?? ???.) ''? +''?, '??'??' ?+?'' ?'??'?? ??+??? '??'??'?, ?'??' ?'??? '??' ?? ?'? ??'??? ?'??'?? ??+??? ?'??'?. ??, ' ?'??? ?'????? '??' ???' ??'??'???' ??, ????, ?+?'''? +'?'??' ?? +'' ?'? '?'? ?'???'??? ????' ''?. (???'? ?? +' ?+??' +'?'??' ?, ? +?? ? ?'?? '?'? ?'???'???.) ?? '?? ??????' ?', ? '??'? ??'?''?? ?? ?????'? ?+?'? ?' ????? '???? ??? ? ''????' '???'????'. ? ??, ?' ', ????' ??? '??? ?? ??+?'??', '? ? ??''??' ??%?'''??'.

???' '?? ?? ? ?'? ??'??', ? ????' ??' '?? '??' ???? ??''? ?'??%? ?+%? '???: ?'??''??' ??%???', '.. ???'??? ?? ???'??? ?????, ???? ??-

70 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

''? ?' ??'??'; ?'?''???, ?? ??' +' +''? ???' '?'?? ??+??'? '??'??; ??? '?? ?????, '?+' ??'??? ???'??? ?? ??%?'?'?, * ???''?'??% ?? ???'??? ????? ?' ?'; ?'?? ''', '? ?? ? ???' +''? '??'??'?. ?????, ??' '???? ??'' ?'????? '?'????? '??'' ?? +' ??'?, ? ? ', ? ? '? ???, ?'???' '??', '??'? ''?'' ??'?'????? ??. ??? '''?'', '??'?'???? ?', ?'?' ??, ??''??' ??+?? ?' ??'??'; ?''? +''?, '??'? ?'?'?? ? ?'???'?, ??+??'?. ?  ??? +''? +' ??? ?'???? ??'??? '??' +?' ?+??? -?'???. ???'??? ?'?? ?'?, ?' ?'?? '??'?, '? ??? ?'?? +''? ??+??'?.

?? +' '??' '??' ???'? ?'?' '?, ?'?? ? ?'??, '? ??? ??'''??? ?'?'?? ??+???? '?'?? '?? ?'?????? (-'? ??'? +' ?' ?' '?'?? ??'' ??.) ? ?'?'??? +' ?'?? ?'?, +?'? ??? ? ?+??? -?'??? ' , ''?' ??? ? ??'?'???'? ??; ?+? ?'?? ?? ??'?'' ??+????'? '??', ?'??? ''? ? ?? ??'? +' ? ??%?'?'?' '?? ??'?', '? +?'? ''?' ??' +' ?'? ??-'? ??? ?'??. ' ?'' ?? ?'', '? ?' ?'?? ? ???'. ' ?'? ''?'' ?'?? ''?' ??' +' ? +''? ??'?'???'? ??' ??', '? '?-'? '?? +' ?????'? ?? ?'? ', ?' ?????? ''?'?', '.. ???'??? ?%?%??, ?'? ??? ?'? ?'? ? +''? +' ??'?'???'? ??. -' ??????'? ?'??'?'?' ?'? +?'. ?+?, ??'??? ??, +?'?, ?'' ?' ''?'', ??%?'?' '?'?? ?%?%?. ???'??? ???'???? ?? ????? ? ???' +''? '??'??'? ?'????, ???'?? ?? ? ??''????' '?+????, ???'??'? ?'?????? '??'?, ?? ?? ? ???' +''? ' ??+??? '??'??'? 2*.

'' 4. '???? '??' 11

'' 4. '-'?'?? ? '????

? ?????'??' ??????' ''???'?, ?? ????? ?? ?'???, ?'?? ?'????'??, ???+??? ?'??' ???? +'??? ??? ???'????' '?''????' ?' ?'? ??? '??'? '???? ?'?? ??' '??'. ? +?? ?'? ', '? ? ?' +', ?'? ? ??'? ???, ?? '? ????. ' '? +?' ' '' '???? ? ?' ??, ??? ?''?, ??? ?+?????' ? ??'? ??'? ?+' ? +?'??? ?' ??? ?' ?' ? '?? ?'? ?', ? ??'???'? ??'???' ??%'?? ???''?. -' ?''? ???' ?? ? ???? ''?'?? ''? ''???'? ????. ??' ?'?'??? ''?, '? ?? ???' ?'????, , +??'???, ?'? ???'?? ????'?, ?'??' '???? ??'????? ?'?'?? '?'?'? '''?. ?? '?, '? ''?' ?'????, ?'? ?''?? '???? ?'????'????, ?'???? ?? ?'?' ??'??? ?'? ????'? ?. ' ?+%?? '??? '???? ?' ?'?? ? '??, '? '? ????? ?''???? ?+?? ' ???? ?' ?'?' ?????'?'? ?? ??'?? ? ??'???, ?'???? ?'? ?+? '???. -'?, +??'???, ??? ?'? ???? '????. ?'? ?? ? ?'?'?? '??'? '???? ?+'??? ??'?' ?'?? ?'? ?' ?'??? +''? +' ?'? ? ''???'? '? ?????', ??? ??''???, '? ??? ?'? '?? ?' ? '?? ????'?? ?'?? '?' ? ?'??? ???''.

' ?'???? '??' '?????'? ?-'? ????, ?-'? ?''??. ' '? ??-'? ??? ?? ?' ?'?; ? ??'??? ???? ?'' ? ??'???, '? ?? ' ?? ? ??' ' ?''??' '???, ?'??' ?? ?' ?? '. ??  ?? ??' , '? ? ?'?? ?+???'? ? ? ?? ? ??'??? ?? % +?' ?+???'?? ??? ?+ ?'??' ??, ?'??' ??' ??''' +?' ''?? ?'?? ?'??' ?'''?? ??+?'??' ??? '??', ?' ??????? ?''' ? ?'? ? ?'????'. ' '?? ??'?'' +'' '??? ?'? ??'??'??%?. -'? +'' ??+'?? +?'???? ?+??? ?''?, ?'??' ?'?? ? ?'''?, ? ? ?'?'??? ?'????, ??'??%? % ???'?? ??? '??' ?''?.

??? ? '??, ? ???? ''???' ?'?? ?+??' ????. ? '???'?, ???+????' '????, ?? ?? ???, ?'?'?? ?'???? '??? '? ??'??? '??'???? ?+?'?%? ??' ??'?' ??'??? ''???'?, ?'??' ?'???-??'??? '? ?'??'?? ???? ''???' '?+'???? ?'', ?? ?'??', ? ?'?'???, ?? ??'?'??' ??' ?'?? ''???', '? ??' ?'-

72 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? ?'??, ?'' ?+?'. (?? ??' ???, ?'??? ?'? +'' ???? '???? ? ??? +?'?'???, '????? -'+? ??''? ? ???'?' ???'.) ?? ?'? ???? '??'????? ???' ??? ?+??? ? ?'?' ?'???'? ??'?'? ??????. '? ?'?? ??' '.?.???'? ? 1976 . +'' ?'? ??'?, '? '??' '???? '' ???'. ?? '???? +'' '?, '? ???' *.

?'?'? '???? ????' +????? ?''?. ? ? ?? ?' ??? ???' ?+'''???? '? ??????? ??? ?? ???????'?? ?''?, ?'??' '?'? ?'?? '???? ??? ? ??'?? 2 ?'??' ??+??' ??' ? '?? ? ??'? ??+''?' (1980), ? ?''??? ? ???'??? '??, ??+'???'? '???'??? ? ?'? ?'??'' (1984). '?' ??? ? ????? +?' ???'' '? '??? ??'?? ?''?.

???' ????? ??'??? ?+'?' ?????''???? ??'? ???'? ????, ?'??' ?' ?? ?'?? '?? ? ? ?'?'?, '???? ???' ?'?? ??''??'?????? ''???'??? ??'? ???+????' ? -???? '??'??'. ?' ?????'?? ??'?? ?'? ?'?' '????, ??''??' ? ??'?? '?? ????' ? ? ???'??, ?'??' ?' ???? ??'?'?. ??? ?' ??'?? '??'' ? ?' ????'?'? ?'???'??? ??' '?'??%?? ?' ?'??'? ?????. '?+'?? ???' ??', ?' ?''?' ?? ?? ??''??' ???, ?' ?' ??%?'??? ?? '? ????? '??, '? ?' ??'?'? ??'?????, ?'? ??'??? ???? ? ????? ??'?, ??'?'? ?? ???? ??+?'????? ????? ' ??'?'? ??+???' ?' ?'? ???? ??' ?'?? ?'? ???' ?'? ?'+??'' +??'??.

-?? ? '?????? ?'' ??+'?, ?+?' '? ?'????'????? ? ?+?' '??''??' ??+''?' (1970): ??'??'? , '??? +', ?????'?' '': ?-?', '?' '', '? '?? ??'?, ?? ?? ????'??, ??' ???'??? ?'?? ??'????'? ???', '?'? ?'??? ???' ? ??? ? ?'????? ?? ??+''? ????? ?'????? ???'? ? ?'????'', , ?-'??', '?' '', '? ??'??, ?? ?'', '?+''??' ??' ??' '?? '? ???, '? ?'?'?, '? ???''??? ??' ????, ??+?? '?? ?'???, ??' ? '????'? ??''.

'?? ??? ?? ?'?? ??: '??''??' ??+''?', ? '??''??' ???'????' ' '??''??' ????''. ?'? ??? '??? '?, ????%? ? ? '???'? '???? ???'??%? '??, '? '? ?+???? ?'%? '? ?'????', ?'???'???? ??'? ' ??'??? ??+'?' ?'?' ?+??'? ??'???? ??'?'? ??+''?. ? '???? ?'? ???+??? ?'??? '?? ?? -???? ?

'' 4. '???? '??' 73

'??, '? ??? '?  ??' ??' +''? ???? ?'? ???? ?'???'???, ???? ?'? ?' ??'???'???; ????, ? ?? +' ?????? ??'? ?'??? ?? ??????? ??'? ? ??'???, ? ????? ? ?'?? ?''??' ??'?. '?  ? ??'?'???? ???? '' ??+?? ?' ??' ????? ?'' '????: ??+''. ??, ? ?' ???? ? ??-'?, '? ?? ????' '?-'? ??', ?', ?'?, ? ????? ??+''. ????, ?' ????: ''??' ??? ?? ?? ????', ?' +' ?? ??? '??', ?? ' ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??''???. ??? ??+?'? ?', ?'?' '???? ?+?' ''??? '??? ?'??? ? ??'?' (1967), ?'?'?? ??+??'?. '??? '??? '?? ?'??? ''?' ????? ': '?%?'?' ??+'', ?'??? ?'? ??+'' ?????-'??'??-??-????-??'. (' ???'??? ?'? '????'??'?? +?' ??'??.)

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

??? ?? ??' '?????'?. ? '???? ?????? '?? ?' ????. ?? '??' ?'?? ?? ????: '?' ??%???' + '??''. ?'  '???? ??+?'?? '?'? ??+''? ??? ??'?'??, ?? ?'?, ? '?? ??, ?'?'? ??'??'? ?'?? '? ??'??'?? '??'????' ??+''?, ?????? ??? ????+??, ??+''?, ??????? ??? ????+??. ' ?' ??? ?'?? ?? ?'' ?'??%?: ?' ??+''? ??' ?? '  ??' ?? '  ?'?'?, ?? ?'?' +''? ??? '?  ??+''?.

? ?'? ???? ??'?, '? ??+''? ? ?'????'?? '??? ??? %?, ?'??' ???' +''? ??? ?'?'??. ?+? ??'??' ''???'', ???? ??, ?'', '? ??' ? ?'%? ??? ??'?' ''', '??' '?'?? ?'???. ? ??, ?'-

74 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

' '???? ?+?' '??'??' ?'?????' (1967), ???  ??' '?????'??, '?'?? ?' ''??? ??'??'? '???? ???, ?'??? ?' ??'? ?? ????'??'? ?'????, +? ?''??, '? ?' ??? ? ??' +''? ???????? ?'? +''? ?'?'???? ?'?. ?'??? '?????, ??'''????' ?'??' ?'????? ? ??'?'?'?? ?? ??+''??. ???'??? ?'? ? ??' ?'?'?, '? ?' ??? ?'??''?'? ??+''? ??? '?  ??+'' ? '?? ?????, '? ?? ??' ?? '  ??' ?? '  ?'?'?.

'???? ? ???? ?'?'? '? ??%?, ?'??? '' ???? ? ??, ???? ?'?'?, '? ??? ??+'' '?'?' ???? ????, ?' ?'?'?, '? ?? ?'? ??? ??+''?? ??%?'?' ?????+?? ???. ??? ?? ?+'?' ???: ?-?', ?' ??? ?'?, '? ? ?'?'?? ???? ', ? ?? ? ?'??, ?? ?? ??'', , ?-'??', ' ????, ?'??' ?' ??'???, ? ???? ? ?'???? ??, ???' ? ???'? , ?'?, ? ???' ?+ ??'?%? ??. ????, ?' ??? ?'?, '? ' ?'??' ???, ? ?' ? '?'?', ??'???? ? '?, '? ?'?? ?????+?? ??? ?? ??+''?, ?'??? ?' ??'? '' ?' ? '?'?'', ??+''?, ?'??? ?' ??'? '' ?'??' ???'. ? '? ? ?? ? ??%?'?' ?'???? ??, '??%?, '? ?' '?-'? ' ? '?'?', ?? '??' ???. ?'  ?' ?'''?? +' ?'????'??'? '?? ??, ?+'?? ? +?'?? +?'?? ???+???'? (''? '??-'? ???', ??? ? '??-'? '??'', ? '?-'? ?'?? ? '??-'? ?'') ?' ?' +' ??? ?????? '??', ?'??'? ??''?' +' ??+?? '?? ???+?? ??? '??, '? ????'? ????'???? ?'?. ???? ??+'' ??+??? ??' ??'? '??? ', '?' '????, ? ? ??'?? ? ?'?''? ?'??? ??, ?'???? ? ?'?? ??%?? ?+?'??''??' ???? ???'? ?'?? ??.

?+? ?? ?'?? ?? ???'?, '?+' ???'? ??? ??+'??? %'? '?????? ?'?'? '??' ? ????+ ??'???? ' ''?, '? ??''??? ???''?' ?'? ???', ?????? ?+'?'? ?'??'? ???'??, '? ?? ?? ??''??'? ??+''?? ? ?'??'?? ?????+?'?. ? ?? ?'?' ?? ??? ?''??, ? ?' ? ?'??'?? ??'??? ?+?????, ?' ?+'?? ????, '? '?-'? ????' '?-'? ???'?? ??', ?'??? '? ? ?? +'' ??'??' '?? ?? ??'?? ??'??' ?+?? ' ????. '??' ? '?, ? '? ??? '????, ?'? ?'?'?? ?'??'? ?+??????. ???, ?+'?' ??, ? ??%?'?' ?'?? ??? : ''??? ?, ? '?-'? ?' '-'? ?+??, ???? '?? ? '?'???'?? '-'? ??'?''??' ??'??, ?? +?' ??'?'? '?-'? ?+???'. ?? ??' ????' '?, +?' ?'? ? ?''??, ?? ???'-

'' 4. '???? '??' 75

??? ???? ?? ??'?? ' ? ???'?? '? ?? ?', ?' ?'??'??' ? ?+??, ????, '??, ????, ?, ??? '.. ?' ??? '+?'? ?-'? ??? ?, ?, ????, ?' ?+?????? ??'? ?? ????, '? ?? ?'?? ? ???, '?'??? '? ?? +?'?'. ??? ?'?, ?'' '????, ???%??'? ??.

???'? ?? ? ?'? ????'. ????? ??'??? ?? ?' '?'??'?' ?'?' ?+?????? '?? ??'?, ??'??? '? ? ?+??'?'??, '?, ?'' ???, ?'????'? '? ?''? ?'? ? ??'??' '?'??''. ???, ?'?' '????, ?' '?'??'?' '???' ?+?????? +??' +??'?', ?' ?' ? ?????'?? '??'?' ??'????' ??'???' ?' ???? '??, '?, ??''??, ?' '?'??'?' ?'?' '?' '???.

???? +''? +' ?'?, '? '?? ?? ??' '? ''??'?? ??'???? ??????'? ?'?, ?? ?'??? ? '?, '? '???? ?'' '???'??'? ??????'. ?? ???? ???'??'? ???? ??' '???? '??, '? ? ??%?'?' ?'?? ???, ??'?% ??''??? ? '??. (?? '??''??'?' ?? ?' ?, ?'' ?' ??'??' ?'?????? '?? '??', ? ?%?%?? '??? ??+??, '?+? ??+'', ?'???, ?'? +''? ? '??'??, ? ??%?'?, ???' ?+ ?????'???? ??'??? ?' '?''?, ??'???, ?'?, ??'???... '?...') ?+? ?' +' ??%?'?' ??, ?'??%?, '? ??? ?, ? ??? ??? ????' '?? ??+''/?, ??? ???? ?'?? ??'??? ??? w, '? ??? +''? +' ?-'? '?, '? ?' ??' +' ??''? '?? '??  ???? ??'?', ?? ?' ??? ??''? ?? ??'??? '?? ????'?. '? ??? '????, ???? ? '?': '?+' ??'? ?-'+? ??? '??, ?' ?'?' ???'? ? ??? ???+??? ???'???', ???'????' '??? ??+???, ?? '?? ??'?', ?? ?'? ?????? '?? ????'?.

? ? ?? ??''??' ??+''? ???''??' ?'? ???' '?' ???????? '?'??' ??? ?? ??' ??', ???, ??, ???'?? ?'??? ???. ?'?? ????? ??, ?'? ????? '?'?? '?? ?'?, ?' ?? ' ?'??'?? '?? ??+''??; ??', ??'?% ? ??? ??+''??, +??' '? ?'??? '??, ?'??? ? ??'?? ???. ???, ?' ?' ?????? ??'???? '??'???? ?'', ?' ??? ??''? ??'?? ??+''? ?? ? ???? ? ???% ??'?? ??'?? ?+?+%??, ? ?+?%? ???? ? '?' '', '? ??'?' ?? ??+''? ?'??'?? ???????? '?? ??+''?? ?'?? ??? ?' ????'?? ?'??? '?? ??? 3.

??'???'? '?????? ?' ?'??? ? ??'? ?'??? ? ?'??' ??? ???? ?''? '?? ?' ''???'-

76 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? ??'?, ???'?'? ?'??? ? ???'??? ?', ???????? ? ???'??? '??, ?'????, ???+%' ?? '????, ?? ??+''' ? 1953. ??? ??? ???'???? ?' '??? ??'?'?? '?? ?''? '??'? ??' (1967) '  ????? +?' ??'?'???, ?'? ?'?'?  ???????? ?+?' '??' '? ?'?'??' ?'?' (1970). ' ?''?? ''??? ?'??'?' (1973) '' %'? ???? ' (1973) ??+?' ?'?? '?? ??'?? ??'??'? ????', ?'? ? ? ?? ?????? ??? ???'? ? ??'?? 4.

'???? ??' ? ???? ? '??, ?'??' ? ???'??? '???. ' '?, ?' ?'' ??, ?' ???''? ?? ?? ?? ??%? ?? '???'. -'? ?' ?'????; ?+'?? ?' ??? '??, '? '??%? ?? '????' ?'??'?? ?'?, ??'??? '???? ???'?, ???'?? '??? ??' +' '?'??'? '?, '? ? ????' ?'??. ??? ?'? ? '??% ?? '???' ???'??'?? ''???, ??% ???? ??', ?', ??? ???, +'?'?? ?'??''??'?? ? ?'????. ?? ??', ?'? ?''?'?? ?? '?'?? ?'???, '? ???' ?'???; ?? ?'? ??+?? ??? ' '???, '+''? ?'??', '?'?? '?? ??'?'??? ', ?'??'? ?? ????' ?'???, ?'?? ?'??' ?'??'??. (' ? ??????? ?? ???.)

???'??? ???', ???' '????, ? ???+%' ??, ????, '? ??' ?'?? '?????'. (??  '? ??'?? ???'?.) ??? ????'? ?? ?' ' ?'???, '?? ????? '??', ??'?' ?'''? ?' ?'??? : '?? ?'??'?? '??', ?? ?'''? '? ?+???, '? ? '?'? '???? '???' ?'??'?? ??'?, ??? '??? ?'?? '' ??+??: '?? ???' ?-?'??', '? ?? ?'?? ? '' ??+??: '?? ?????'. ?' ?+?+%'? ???? '?????? ? ??? ?'??? ? ??'?, '? ? ????? ?' '??'? '???? ' ???'??? ??'? ?'? ' ?'? ?'??? ???'?' '?, ?'??? ??'??''?? +' ' ? '?'?????? ?'??? ?? '?? ?? ?'????', ' ? '?, '? ?'?? ? ??' ?'  ??' ?'? ' ?'? ?'??? ?? '?. ''? ?? ?'? ??' ''?  ???, '? ?'?, ???' ' ?'??? '??' ?' ?'??'??''. '?''???, ''?'?? '???? '???'', ???' ??, ?'?'?? '?'?'???? ? ???''. ? ?'?? ?'' '?' '???' ?' ?' ?? ??'' ? ? ''?+??'? ?'??'???' ???-??, ?' ?'??'? ???''?' ?? ????+ ?'??' '' '??? ?'??? 5; ? ? ???+??? ?'??', ?' ?'???, ???'?% '???? '????, ' ????? ?' ?-?'??. ????'?? '? ?' ?' ???? ?'? +?, ?'? '? ?'????'??, '?-

'' 4. '???? '??' 77

??? ?'??, ??'??? ??' ????+' ?'?? ?' ?'????%?? ?'??'?, ??'??' ???? '????, ''? ??' +?????? ????' ?'???, ???%?? ?'.

?? ?????? ? ?' ?''??? ? ?-'? ????'?'? ?? ?'??? ?', ?'??'? ?' ? '? ??????', ?' ?+'?? ?+?%??? ???%?? ?'???, ?????, ?+? ?+?? ???'. ???? ?, ? ??%?'?, ?+?' ?? '??, '? ???? ?'? ?? ?'?' ''?, ?'? '??? ???' ?+ ??'??? ??'??'?' ??''?? ? ?'? ????? ?'??? ????? ?+? ???'. ???+?? ???? ? ????+? ????'? ???'? ?????? '????. ?? ?'?' ?+% '? XX . ??%? ? '??, '? ??%?'?' ??? ?? ?'??? ???, ??'??? ?' ? ??' ?'??'? ? ?'?? ???? ?'???, ?' ?? ??'??, ? ??'?? ??? ?'???. ?? ? ?+? ???', ? ?'??? ? ???+%?' ?? ? ??'??' ???'? ??'?? ?'????' '? ?'??? ? ?'??' ??? ' '? ?'??? ? ??'?. ?'?, ?'?? ?+? ???' ?' ?? +'??, ?' +'??, ? ???? '????, ?'?'? ? ???? ?' ?'??? ''??' ?+' ??'. ???'??? ?? ??? ???' '???? ?+?%'?? ?????.

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

??????'??? '?, ?'' ??, ??????'???' ??, ?'????'?? ?? '? ' q' ??'?'?? ?'????'?'? ???? p <7; ??? ?', ?'????'?? ?? '?'?'''' ?'???, ???% ??+??' ????', ' , ??'?'?? '?, '? ?' ????' '?'???'?? ???????'? ??'?''????'??; ????,

78 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?' ?'? ???'??? ?'??, '?'?'''' ?'??? <?? ?'? ?' ?' '?'???'?? '?? ????????? ??'?''????'??, <'?? -?+????, ?? ?'?>, '? ?+??? ????? ?'??? ??''? ?'????'? ''????' ?'???. ?  '???? ?', ?'????'? ?'??? ? ??'? ??'?'?? ?'????'?? ?'??? ? ??+''?. -'? +''? ?'??, ??, ? ? ????, ????? ?'??, ??'?? +' ??+'? ? ??''??? % ??'?.

??' '???? ??'?? ?'?? ??'?'???? ?'???? '???. ''???, '?? ??? ??'??' ??, ?' ?' ?? ?'' ???'??, ?' ? ?' ??'?? ??'? ??'??'? ? ???'? ???, '??'??? ??', '??'??? ?' ' ?'?' ?'. ? ???'?, '???, ?? ?'?' ??, ? '? ??? '????, ?'??? ?+'???? '?; ??  ?'' ????' ????+???'? '???? ??'??? ? ???'? ? ??+'??, ???? ? ??+'??? ??'?''? '?'??, ??'??? '?, ?'???, ? ????, ? ?+?' ??''??''???? '??.

??? ?'?' ??'??' '???? ??'????'?????. ????' ? '??'?? ?'?'' ?' ', '????'? '????, ''?? ?'?'', ?' ???' '?'?? ' '???, ''??', '??'?''????'?', '?'??', '?'??'???? ???' 7. ''? ??+?' ?'?'?  ?'??? '?? ??? ?? ????, ?'' '????, ??' ??' ??'??? ????'? , ?'??? '? ' ?'???, ?'??' '???', '? ?' ( ???'??? ?' L), '? '?'? ??'??? ??'????'??? ?'???? ?? ?'????, ?+'?%? '? ????'??, ???/;. ?' ???? ?'? ?''?, ???' ??, ?? '??'' ? '?' '?'?? ?'', ?' ? '?'???'. ' ??'?'' ?' ?'?? ?'??? ?'????' ('-?'???) ????: '? +'' ?'??? ( ?????? ?'), ?' '?'?? ?' ?? +'. ?? ?' ??? ??'??? ? '???'??' ?????' '?? ????, ? ? ?'?' ?''??' '-?'???. ?' ? '? '??? ?' ??'? '?, '? ?? ?'?, '.. '??? ?'?', '?, ?' '???? ??? '?'' ????'??', '?' ??' +' ???%?''? ?? ?? ?'??? ??? ?' ? ?'?? ?'?, '? ?'? ??'. ?? ? '?'?? ?'? ?' '?? ?'?' "?'? ''?, ?'????'?? ?? ?'??? ?' ?' ?' ?'??'??', ??? ?? ?'??? '?' ??+?? ?? ? ?+??? ?'? '?'???' ??? '??? +'??? ?'????? ?+?'? ??'. ???'? ????? +?'?'? '??? '???'???? '??!

??? ?'? ??' ?? ??? ?'', '? ? ??'? ?'?' ?????? ?'?'??'? ?'? ? '?'?? ?'???, '? ?'? ??' ???'?? ????, ?? ?'???, '? ?'?'??' ?' ???' ??????' ??'??' '???, ?'??' ? ???' ?? ? '?, '? ??'? +' '?'??'? . ' '?? ???? ??'??? ??'?

'' 4. '???? '??' 79

'? ' ?'???, : '??-'? ? ???' ' ''? ? ???'', ?? ? '? ?'??? ' ? +'' ???'. ? ?'? '?, ?' ???'??? ??'? ? '??, ?'??? ?'? ?'?? ' '???, ?' '?'?? ?? ?'?'??? ???'?'?'? ? ? ????? , ?'?''???, ?' ??, ? ?? ? ' ?? ? ?? ????' ??? ?'' '?' '+'''. ' ?'' ????? '???? '????'??' ?? '-?'?? ?'??%? ?+???: ' ? +'' ???' ?'??? ?????? ?' (?'?'???) ??????? '???/7 ????' ??? /, ?' '?'?? ?' ?, ????'????? '??? p ????' ??? /, ??? ? ??? t'.

-'? ?'?? ???''?' ?'???? ???+????'? ?' '????. ' '?? ? ?', ? ????, ?'?' ?'?? ??? ?', ?'??? ??'?? ???'???? ?'?, ??? ? ?' ?'?' ?'??, ?'????'????? ? ?' '??. (' ???? ?'? ?+ ?' ?'??'?? '???'? ??????, ?? ?'? ??+?''???.) ' '?? ? ???' ' ??''? ? '???' ' -'+? ?? ???' ?'????'??' '???. ?? ?? '?'?' ''???? '????' ????? ?'??? '? ??'? ???' ' ?? ???? ? ???.

?'? ??'?? ? ????, ?? ?'? ?'?'?'?? ?' ????, ???'?? ???? ?'?? '?? '???? ???'?? ??? ', ?' '?? ? % ???' ??'??' '???, ???? '?, ????'????? '???/?' (? ?'??? ??? ??. '' %'? ??? ', 1973). '??'?? ??'?, '? '???? '-?'?-? ?' '? +'' ?'???, ?' '?'?? ?' ?? +' ?' ??'''????' ? ??''??'? +' '????. ?+? ?? ??''?? ???'?? ??+'?. '?' ?' ?'? ????'? '???; '????? ?'?+?'?? +' ?', ?'??'? '?' +' ?' ?? ?'? ?'??? ?'??? '???'?'????'? '''??' ' '? ?'? ?'??'. '?????, ??''??'? ??' ???' '?? ?': '?? ?' ??, ?'??? +?'?? ??'???? ???, ?'?'?? +'??'.

?????, ??+?' ?'??? ?' ??? ???'?, '?'?? ?' ?' ???? ?? ???'?' ?'?. ?? ?' ?'???, ?'?' '????, ??' ?? '?? +'??? '???, '? '????' ??'?'?? ' ?? ?'???, ?'???? ?? ?'??'??'. -'? ''?' ????'? ??: '?+' ???'? ?'??, ?' ?'?' ?'? ?? ? ?'?, '?+' ???'? ?', ?' ?'?' ???'? ? ?'??. -'? ?+?'??''??'? ?''?' '???? ?'?''? ?? ??' ?'?: '?' ??? ??'??'? ?? '?+?? ?'??? (' ?'?), '?'?? ??'?? ?? ?? ?'??? ( ?'?) ???? ?''. ?? '? ?'?'??, '? ?? ?''??? '-?'?? ? ' ?? ?? ?'???, ?'???''??? ?'???? ??? '????'??'??. ??, ???? ? ?''??'??, ???%?''??'? ????'?? '???? '?-

80 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

? ???'?' ?'? ????? ?'???, ??? ???+%' ?? ?'? '?, '? ?' ?'?' ?'?, '?+' ???'? ??'?, ?'???? '?? ?? ?'??? ??' ??? ?'.

'? ?'? ?? ' ???? ?''? +?????'?. (? ?'?? ?''? +???????, ?'? ?+'?, ??? ?'??'? '????.) ? ???? '' +?????'? ? ?'?. '?-?', ??? ? ?+'?????? ???''? ?', ? ?? ???', ?'?? ?+?'??' ' ? ????? ? ?? '??, ?'? ?? ' ?' '??, '?+' ''? ?'??? '??? ?' (?'?? ? '?+?' ?? '????) '  '??? ??'???? '???' ?', ?'? ???? ?'? '?+?? '' '????? ''???? ???? ?'?? '??, ?' ??? ??'??'? ?'????'? ?''???? '-?'??? '???. ? '?'? ?' ?'? ???? ? '??, ?'? ?' ?? ( ?' ?? ?'??, '? '-?'?? ?'???), '? ??? ' ' ?'?? ' ?? '?? '???, ?'???''??? ?'???? '????'??'??. ?' ????? ???'??? '??, ???' ?? '????, '?+?'?? ????? ???????'?. ?? ???' +''? ????' ??'? ?'????

''? '???? ''??? ?'??'?' '' %'? ??? ' ??' '? ?''' ? ?' ????'. ?? ???? ????? '???? ??????', '? '?? ? '??? ?' ?'? ? '??? ? '??, ?' ?+'?? ?? ' ?'??'??? ?? ??+?'??'? ?' ' ?' ?? '??. ' ? '?? ?'???'?? ?'??'?'??', ?'' ?' '?? ?????, -'+? ?'?'' ??'? '  ??'??'?. ??, ?? ?'' ???? ? '??, ?? '??? ?' ??' +' ?'?, '?+' ?'? ??????'? ??'??'?, '?, ? ???' '? ???''?'??% ??'??' ?????' ?'? 'Es regnet', ?? ???', '? ' ??, ' ?'? ?' ??' +' ?'? ?'? '???. (-?? ?? ? ?+'?' ?' ?'? ? ?'' ?'? ? '??? ???, ?' '?, ???'?? ?' ?? ?'?, ?' ??' +' ?'??'??'? ?'?? ???' '?? ??'?', ?? ?? ???' ? ?'??'??'? ? ??', ?'? ??''? +' ?? '?'? ???+????' ??? ?'?? ?'??, ?'??' ???' ? ????'. ?', ? ???? ?'?, ?'? +''? +' ', ?' +' ???' ?': 'Ich glaube dass es regnet' (' ???, '? ' ??'), ?? ?? ''?%? ?'?? ?'?'? ???'?? ??+'??, ????'? ? ?'???? ????.)

????? '? '???? ???? ?' ?'? ?' ??, '? ^-?'?? ?'???? ?' ?'?' '? ?+?'??''??'?, '?, ? '??? ?'?' ??'??'?? ?' '?? ???, ?' ? ??? ???'? ????'? ?' ??'??, ?'? '' ???, '? ?'??, '????'???? ??? '?? ?', ?'?' ?''? ''?'? ????' ????? ?'???. ?+? ?'?? ?'? ?' ?'?'?'? '?? '?'?'?? '?'? ????' ?'?'?? '??? '?' '?  ??? ??', ?? ? ???? '??'? ??? ?' ''??? ?+????'? ? ???%?? '?? ?'?'.

'' 4. '???? '??' 81

'? ?'? ?'?' ????? ???'??, ?' ?' ??'? ?+, '? ''??? ?'????'??'? ?-???? '??? ?'?' '? '?????? ?'. ???'??, '? ???'? ?'?'?? ?'?? 'La neige est blanche', a ?'??, ?'??? ?' '????'??? ??? '?? ?', ?' ': '? +''. ' ??'?'' ?' ?'??: 'La neige est blanche' ?'??? ?-'????, ?' '?'?? ?' ?? +'. ? ? ?? ?'? ?????? ?''?, '? ?'? '? ?' ?'? +?' ??? ?+?'' '????, '? '? ?? ??'?? '?? '? ???, '? '??? ??? ?'??'?? '? ?', ?'??'? '? ? ?', ? '? ???'????? ?'. ''? +''?, '???? ? ???+??? +???'?, ?'? ?'? ?'??? ???'????? ?' ?' ??? ?'?, '? ?'??? ?'????', ?'??' ?'?' ?'?? '? ??? '??, ?? ?'??'?? ?'??'? ? ?'????'? ?'? ??.

-'? ?'??'?? ???? ??+'?, ?'??' '???? '''?? ??'? ''???? ?'??'', ??'??? ??, ?''??'??%? ? +?'???? '?? ????, ?? ? ????? ? ?'?? ? ??'??'?? ???? 8. ' ??? ?+'''???? '????'?? ?'?' ?'? ??' ?'??%: ?' ???? ?+?, ? ?+?'??''??' ???' ?????' '??: 'Es regnet'. ?' ?' ?+????, '? ?? ?????' , ? ' ??, '? ?' ???'? '?? ?? ?''??'??: '???' ??'' ????'???? ???+%?'?, ??++?'? ?? ???' ?'' ?'??'?, '? 'Es regnet', ?'? ?? +' ???' ' ??'. -'? ?'?'?? ?''??'?? ?'?? '-?'???: 'Es regnet' ?'??? ?-??, +?? ???'? '??? ????' ??? /, ?' '?'?? ?' ' ?? +' ????' ??? t. '???? ????', '? ?+???, '????'? '??'?'?' ?? ?'?, ??' ?'???? ??' ????, ?'? ??'??' ? '?? '? ?+?? ?''??' ?'?? ''?+????' '?? ?'?'. ??  ?' ?? ???''??? ?' ???, '?+' ?''??? ?' ???? ??, '? ?' ??? ?'?'? ?? ????: ? ? '?'?? ???', ?? '?+?? ???? '? ???+%?', '?'?? ?'???? ?' %? ?'??% ?''??'? ''?'? ?'?'?? '???... ?? ???' ...', ??' ??+'??? ' ''?. -?? '???? ?+?%'?? ???, ?'??'? ????+??' '????'?? ? ??'? ???? ??' ?? ??'? ??????' ???'? ????? ? ????? ? ?''??'. ?'??? ?'??? ???, ?' ?' ? ??? ?'??'??'? '?'?? ?? ??? ?? ??%?' ' '?'??% ???????'? ?+?? ????, ?'??' +?'????' ??? ??'???'?? ? ??? ??+?'??'? ?'??'? ?'??'?? ?'??'? ? '? ??? ?' ?'??'?, '? ? ?? ?' ?????? ?''? ?'? ??%?'? ???'??'?, ??%? ?+?? ???? ????+?'? '?-'+? ?'?', '.. ?+'?%? ?'??, ? ???'? ????+?'? ???'? ?.

?? ??''?? '?'? ????. '?'?? ' '-?'?? '??'? ?'??? ? ??? ???? ?' '???? ??', '?

82 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?' +' ?' ?''' '?'?? ?'????'?' ???, '? '-?'?? '? '? +'' ??'? +' ?'? ': ?'? ?'?? ?'???, ?' '?'?? ?' '? '?? ' 2+2=4, ? '?'?? ': ?'? ?'?? ?'???, ?' '?'?? ?' ?? +'. ?+? ??'??? ??'????'???? '?, ?'???? ?+?'' '????, '?+? ?'??? ?'?? ??' +''? ??''?? ??'? '?+?? ???? ?'???? ?'???, ?'? ? ?'?' ? ?'????'?? ?? ?'???, ?'??' ?'? ?? ?'?? ?' ???'??? ?'??. -'? ? +''? ??+'??? '? ????, ???'?? ?? ??'?'??', '? ^-?'?? ?'?? ??''?'? ??+?? ??. '?? '???? ????; ?' ', ?? ? ??' ???'? ??'?'??'? ?'?. ?' ??? ??'???, ???' ??, '? ??''??''??? '??? ?'?' ? +?' ???'? ' ???'??' ?'???. ?? ?' '?' ? ??'?' ?? ??'?'? '-?'??? ?'???, ?'??' '?' ??'. ? ??? ?' ?'?'??'? '-?'??? ?'???''??? '??, ?'??? ?'' , ?'?, ?????, ??''??? ??'??' +?' ??? '????'?? '????. '?' '??? '?'??' ?, '? ?? ???? '?'??'?, '? -?'??? ?? ?'?' ???''?'? ? ??+??? '? ?'??''. ?? ???? ?'?? ??' ?'?? ?'?'??? ??'?? ?' ???''? ?'. ?' ? ??'??? ?' ????? ?'????%??? '', '? ???' ???': 'Es regnet', ?' '?'?? ?' 2+2=4. ??'??? ?'?? ???'????' +?' ?'? ??'?, ?? ???''???, ?'' '????, '?+' ????'? ??? ????+???'? ?''? ???? '? '?? ?'?' '? ???'?' ?'???, ? '? '?+' '?'?? ?' ??'??'? '??? ???.

???'??? ????? ?' '???? ? '??' ?'. ? ? ???'?' ??'???, ???? ? ??'???? ' ? '?''??' ?'', ''+?' ??? '?? ??''?, ?'? ??''??' ?'?? ???? ?' ? ?+%? '??. '????, ????, ? ?' ?????'??' ??'???. ?? ??' ??'???, ?'??? ????''?? ? ??'??' ''?'?? ???+??? ??'??? ?'????? ?'?? 'that' (''?') ?'?? 'Galileo said that the earth moves' (''''? ?', '? -?'? '??') ?'?'?? ?''??'? ??'???? *, ?'?? '?? ?'?'?? ?'??%??: The earth moves. Galileo said that' ('-?'? '??. '''? ?' ?'?') ?' '? ?+???, ?' ?? ?? ??'????'??' ?'???. -'? ??? ? ?+ ??'???? ?+???? ??'??? ??? ??+'?' ?' ????? ?'??? ?'????'??-'????'??' '???,  ?' ? '?? ?-?? ???? ?'?? ??'??? ? ?????' ??? ?'????'?

* '???? ??'??' ?? '?' '', '? ?'???? ?' ?'?? 'that' ??'??'?? ????? ?'?? ('Galileo said that the earth moves'), ?''??? ??'???, ???? ? ????? ?' ''?', '?'' ('That book is red' ?' ' ? ????'), ' ?????? ?' ?' ?'?? ??'???'?? ??' ?'?, ??'??? '? ?????? ?' ?' '???? ? ?'?'? ?'??.

'' 4. '???? '??' 83

? ?? '-?'? '??' ? '?+? ??? ?'??? '?'? 9. ('???? ? ', ?' ', ?+????? ?''??'? ??'?????.) ??? '? ?? ?'??? ?'? ???' ?'? ???'?: '?'? ?'???? ??'?' ? ???''?' '??? ???'. '??? ?'?', ?' ???'' ??, ?' +' ????? ? +'' ?? ?'?+??, ? ?'?'?? '??? ???', +? ??????'?? '??????' ??'??' ?'??'''. ??? ?? ? % ???'' ?''? ????'? ?+?%'??? ??+??? '?? ?''?? ? ????: ''?  ???? ?' '?', '? ?'??'??' ?'???' ?'?? ?'?', '? ?' '??? ??' ''? ??''??''??'? ?'' ? ??? ?'?'??' ??+'? ''???' ?''. ''' ' ?'? ? ???'? ? ?'? ??? ?'??? ? '??, '? ???' '???? ?' ?'? '?? '?????? ?'? ? ???? ?'??? ' '??? ???', ??''?? ??????. ? ?'?, '???? ?'? ???' ????' '' '?, '? ?? ???? ?+%' ?? ?????, ?? ?? ? '?'??' ?? ?+%??; ?+?' ???' ?'???? ?? ??' ??', ?'???, ??, ?'?? ?'???? ?? '?+?''??. ??  '?, ?' ', '?''?? ??????.

? '?? ?+?'??? '??'?10. '?'??? ?'?? ? '???? +??'? +'' ???%? ?'??' ? ??%?'??'? ????? %' ??. ' ?+???'' '??, ????? ? ???%?''?? ?'?? ?'?': '??' (1973) '??'??'? ''???' ??' (1981), ?' ????????, ?''???? ??? ?' ???' ?+??? ? '?'?? ?' '?, ?? +?'????' '?' ??+'? ''???' ?'. ??? ???' '? ?+???, '? ?' ?' ?'? ?????'?'?, ??, '??? ?? ??+?'??' '??', ?' ?'?' ???'? ? ???, '? ???' ? ?'??? ??? ??, '? ???' '??' ? ??, '? ???' ?? ? ?? '??', '? ? ?'? ?'' '??' ?? ?? ?'?' ??. ? ?'? ??????? ????%?'?? ????' ?'.

???? '??, ??' ??? '?????'?. ?'? '??' +?????????? ?'?'' ??? ?'??'? ?? +''????? ?+???'?? ? ?? ????'?, ??? '?? ? ??+?'??' '?? ???' ??''??'?, ??+?'? ?'?. ? '?'?? '''? ??' ?'???'??? '???, '?+' ??'? '??'? ??'??? ??, '?' ????? ??' ????' ? ????', ??'??'?? ????' '?????', ?'??' ? ?+ ??' '?'??''. ? ?'?, ' ?'?????? ??'?? ?'? '?? '??' ??'???? '??????? '????, ? '? '?+' ?'? ?+???. ?' ?????'?? ?? ??? ? ? '??? ????' ?' ? ?'?': ? ???? ?'???''??? ?'?'???? ??' ''???' ?' ? ?'?'?.

?'???'? ?', ?' ? ', ?'' ?+ ??'? ??''' ??''??? ?'?'? ?+?' ''?''' ''???'?. ' ??'''????', '?'' ?'' '?'? ???'? ??'????? ?'?-

84 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'?? '??, ??+?? '??? ''??' +'' '? ???'? XVIII . '?'' XIX . ' '?' ???' ?'?''? ??'?'????? +?'? ?'?? ?? ? ?+?'?? + ' ???'?, '?' ''?????'; '?' ? ? '?' ?''??''. -' ?'? ?'?? ?'?? +'' ?'?'? ??%???, '? +?'????'? ''???'?  ? ?'??' ?+? ?+?????? ??? ?' '?, '? ?' ?'?' ?'%? ?'???? '??? '? ''???'??? ??'???, '??? ' , ???'?-?-????'' ?????? ??'', '? ??'? ???? ? ????'?.

'??', ?'' ?' ??, ?'?''? %%' ''??'?? ????''. '?? ?' ? ????, '? ??''?' ??+?? ?? ?', ?' ?' ?? ?+?' '??? ?' (1973), ?' ? ???%?? ?'???? ?' ??'? ?? + ?'???? ??'??? '? ?? ? ??%?'?' ??, ? ' ?? ?? ???? ?? ??''???? +?' ??'?'?'. ? ???'?? ??' +' '????'' ' '?'?'?' '?, ?? ?' '?''. ???? ????'? '? ????

?? ?? ???, ??????' ?? ?+?' '??' ' ?''?? ''???'? +''? ??'?'??? ?'? ' ?? +''? '???' (1975). '?-?', ? '??', ? ??? ''???'? ? ??, ??'?% ??'?' ?'??'?' ''???' ?????, ?????? '?? ??'?', ?? ?? ?' ??'? ?'?'??' ??; ? ?'?' ?????+???'? ''???' ????'? ?+? ??'?'?? ??'??, ???%?''??? ' ???''?' ? ?+%???''? ?'?? ??'???', ??'?% ??'?''?, '?'??' ?? ????'?? ' ?'??'?? ???''?' ? ?+%???''? ?'???', ???%?? ???? ?'????'?????? '???. -?'??'??? ?? ? ' ?%?'?' ??'?''? ??'? ?'?? '. ??, ?'' '??', ?' ?? ?'?, ? '?' ????' ''???' '?? ???.

?'??? ? '? ??' ?'? ?'??'? ??, ?+?' ?'?? ??'????' ???' ????'?: ??' ???'?, ????, '???, '????, ?? '??' ?''?'?? ?? ?' ?? ????? ?'?, ? '??', ??' '??? ?????, ??''? ? '??, '? ''???'? ????? ?' ?' ?'? ????'?? ???', ??' ?'???? ??'' ?'???? ?'???? ??'?? ?'??? '?+?? '? ??' ??'??? ??' ??? ' '?  ?+???, ? ??'? ???' ' '?, '? ??? ?'' '????'????' ????, ?' ?'? ??''? ???'? ?+ ??? ??? ?'?-???? ''???'?, ?'?, ? ???? ??' '??', ??+?' ?' ? ?? ?? ? ??' ? ? ?? ?? ? ??''??.

'??' ? ?' ?, '? ?'??' ''???'? ?'?' ???'??? '?'?? '??? ???. ? ? ?? ?? ?'', '? ????? ?' + ??'? ?'?' +??' ???' ???? ? ???? '?? ???. ?, ???? , ?? ?+?, '? ''?'?? ? ?' ?' ?' ???

'' 4. '???? '??' 85

?'??'? ?'?'?'. ??'' ?'??'? ?'?'? ??????, ?'? '' ????'', ''?? ?'?'? '??'??? ?+'?? ???? ?+????? ??'?', ? ?'?? '?, '? '??? ?'?'? ??''?' ? ??+?'?'? ??'???? ????, ?'??' ? ???'?'??'', '?, ????, ?+?'. ?'? ?' ??'? ??? ?'?' ? ''??'??, '??' ??' ? '? ?'?' ?'?'??' '??'???? '?: ?-?', '? ? '??, '? ''???'? ? ??' +''? ??'?'?? ??'???, ?'??'? '???, ?'??? ?' ??'? ?'?'??' ??; , ?-'??', '? ? '??, '? ''???'? ?' ?' ?'? ? ?+%? '??? ???, ??'?? '??, ?' ??'??'?? ???'?' ?'?' ?.

'? ?'?? ??'?? '?, '? '??' ????'' ??? ?'? ''??'?? ? '???? ?'? '?''' '??'?''. ????????, ??' ?? ????, ??' ?'?' ? ??? '?  '??'?? '?? ??' ?'? ???? ?'?, , ????, ???, ?'', ??, ?' ?'???. '??' ? '?, '?? '-??? ???', ??'???? ??, ?' '?'  ??'? ??'?', ?? ??? ?' ???' ?'??? ' +'' ?''? ???' ???? ?''??, ??'??'?? ' ?'? ?'?? ??, ???, ????? ' '?-'? %. ??, ?'?' '??', ?' ?? +' ? ???' ??'??? ?'?. ''??'??, ? ???? '??', ?'??? ??', ??'?? ??, '? ?' ?'?'?? ??'??'? ?'??, ??%? ?'???? ?????, ? ???'? ?'?' ????+?? '??? ?'?'. ''? +''?, ''??'?? ?'??? ??'' ?? ? ??'?+'??; ? ??+ '?'?? ??'?? ? '??, '? '?+? ?' ???'??? ?'????'?+'? '' ??+?? ?'?? ??? ???.

??? '???? ??+??? ?'? ??'?'??? '?? ???? ' ??? ? ??'?''??' ?''?, ?''??' ''? ?'? '??? ????' (1975,1976), '??' '????'??' ?+% ??'??, ?'??'? ?'? ??''???'? ??+?? '???, ?'??? ? '? +''????' '?+??? ?'???''??? ''?. -' '??? ?'? ???'? ??', ?'??' ???? '??' ??%?? ? ?? ???? ?? ?+ ??'????? ?? ?', ?'? ?? ???'?'?? ?? ? ?' '? ?+???, '? ?'? ?''??'?' ?+ '??? ?'?? ??? ?' ???' ??. (????, ?' ??' ? ?'?' ??''? ?? ??, ?'??? ?' ? ???'??? +'' +' ?'?.) ???+?? ?????? ???? ???, '??' ??' '??, '?, ? ?' ???'?? ?-'? ???, ?'? ??? ?'?? ????''??? ? ????? ?? ???, ?'??' ?+????'?? +'??? ??'???; ????, ?? ???% ???? ?? '? ???, ?'??? ???'?'?? ??? ????+???' '? ? '??. ?? ?'?', ???, '? ? ?'?? ?+???'?? ?'? ??'???. ?' +' ??+?' ?? ???'? ? ?', ??,

86 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

? ???? '??', ???'?' +' ???? ?? '??'? ???, ? ?? ? ?'?? ?? ??'?? ???'????.

? ?+???, ????? '??? ??? +?' ???'? ? '??, '? ?' ???'? '? ?'?? '??, ? ?? ?' ?', ' '?, ????, '? '-?? ?'? ??'?+'?' ?? +' ?'? ?'? '??? '?'?? '?? ?'?, ?' ?'? ?? ?' ?'? ?'? (??'? ' ???'? ?+???) ??'?+'?. ' ?' '??' ?? +?' ?'? '??? ?'??, '?+?'???' +?' '??? ??'?'. '??'??'? +?' '??? ?''. ' '? ?'? +?' ?'??, '????? (', ? ???? ??, ??'?'????), +?'? '???. '? ??? ?'????? ?'? ?'?? ??'?? ??' '????, ?? , ????? ?'?, ????. ' ??'??'????'? '?'???', '??????' '??? ??'?? ? ??%?? ? '??, '? ?' ? ???? ??'??' ???' ???'?, ? ?'??' ????''?? ?? ?? ???'?. ?? ?'??? '??', ?? ''' ???, '??, ?'??, ??' '??? ??, ??'??? ?'??'? ?? ?'??? ???'?' ? ?????' ??'??? ??? ?'??. ? '?' ?'? ???, ?' ??? ?'?, '? ??? ?'?? ?'?'?? ???? ????, ? ?? ??? ?+? ?' ?'???. ('???'?, ?' ???? ? ??-'? ???? ? ?? ??'???? ?'???. ?? ?'', ? '???, ?? ??' ??'??? ?' ?'???, ?' ?'???, '? ?'? ?'??'? ??. ? ? ?? ?' ??? ? % ? ???'?.) ??'??'? ?+??? ?? ? '??, '? ?? ?'??? ?'? '??? ?' ??? ??'??' ???' '??'? '???, '?'?? '?? ?'? ???+%' ?? ?? ?'?? ?'???, ?' ?' ? ???? ?' ???' '???. '?+' +''? '?'???', '??? ?' ?'? '? ?+????? '???, '? ?' ???'? '?+? '??, ????, ' ?????.

'? ?'?? ?'?, '?, ? ?'??? '??', ?' ??' ?????, ??? '??? '???? ?'? +''? ?'?'???, ???'??, ? ?'? '?, ?? ?? ?? ?''???? ?'??? ???'?? ????' ???, ????' ?? ?'?? ???'????, ?'??' ???''?? ?'? ?'??. ?? ? ' '???? ? ?'' ??, ? ???'?' ?? ??? ' ?? '??? '?'???' ?'??? ?'????'. ???'??? '? ??' +''? ??? ?'' ? ????, ? ???'?' ???? ????%? '?+?? ?''???? ?'? ' ?'???'. ?' ????, '??? '?'? '????, '?'?? ?' '??. ?'  ???''?, '? ?' ??? ???'? ????%? ?? ?'?? ?'? ????'? ??, ??? ? ???, '? '?' ?'??? ???+%?' '?'?' ?'??'?', '?, ?'' '??', ? '?? ?? ?'?? ?'%? ?+??? ?+????'? ?' ?? ?????? ??+ ??'??'? ????? ??? ?'???. '?+? ??'?'?? '??? ??? ?'? ??'?'? ???' '? ?'.

'' 4, '???? '??' 87

'??' ?'? ?'? ??'?, '? ?? ???? '?+?? ?''???? ?'??? '?+'?? ?' ? '?'?? ?' ????? ??% ?'? ?'?? ?'? ?? ?'???, ?'??' ???' +''? ???''?' ?' ?'?, ?? ?' ????? ??'???? ?' ?', ???? ??? ?''????'. '??' ? '?, ?? ?'?' '? '?? ???, '? ?' ?'?' ???'? ?? ?' '??, '?+' ?'??? ?? ???'? ?-'+? ?''??? ?'??. ?? ? ????, ??'?'?? '??? ?' ?'? +''? ? ?'?'???, ?'?' ?' '+? '?????? ('? ?? ??? ? ????? ?''??' ?'?), '+? ??'?'?????, ?????? ? ????? ?'???, ? ???'?' '?. (?'???, '? ?? ' ? ??' ???''????? ????, ??  ?? ?'? +''?.)

'? ?'?? '+?'?'' '??, '? +?'? '??? +?' ??''? '?+??? ????%??, ?????? ?? ??? ??-'? ?? ??+?'????, ??'??? ?? ??'??, ?'??'? ?'? ??''???'? '?+?? ?+?', ????%? ?'? ??, ', ? ???? ??, +?' ??''? ?? ????+???'? ??'? ???''? ?? ?'? ?'? ? ??. , '?+' ???'? ?'?? ''????', ?' ?'?' ??'? ' ??'? ?'?' ???, ' ??'?, '? ?'? ??, ? ?' ?? ?????. -'? ?'??? ?'''?? ?' ???'?? (?'???) '?? (, ????, ? ??), '?+??%? '??, '?+' ?? ??'?+'? ?? ? ???'??? ? ? ??? ??'?+'???.

??'?? ? ?'? ???? ??''????, '??' ? '???? ?? ?''? ?+?%'?? ???+???? ?????'??? ?'????? ?? ??? ?'???. '?+' ???'? ? ? ????? ? ?'??? ?????, ?? ?'?' ????'?, '? '? ??? '', ? ? ???'? ??? ? ??'? ??'???? '?, ?? +'' ???? * ? ''???' ?'?' ??'?? ?'?? ?' '' ???? '? ? ?'????'?? '???? ?'?'. ??? ????? ? ?, ?'? ? ??+'????, +'' ???%? ??? ?'????? '?'??; ????? ?' ?? ??+'?' ?+?'? '-'??'' ?'????' (1977), ?'??? ??''?' ??+?? ? ?'?'?? ?'???? ????? ? ? ??'??? '?. '? ???+??? ?'???'? ? ?'????, ' ?'?, ?-?', ?' ?' ?? ?????', ??'??? ?'????? ? ?'?'?? '?'? ?'?? +''? '+? ?'??'?, '+? '??'?,  ?' ?' ? ?? ?' ? ???'??? ?'?, ?' ?'??? ??? ' '???, , ?-'??', ?'????'? ?'????'? ??' ? ?''??' ???? '????? ?'?', ' '????? '? ?'?? ?????? ?'?' ??'?????? ??'?'??? ??'???.

??'????'', ?'?, ? ?'???' ?????'???'? ?? '?' ? ?'?'??' ?'. '??'  ???%?''?' ?'?, ?'? ??'?????? ??'. ??? '' ?'? ??? ??'???. ?? ??' ? ??-

* ''???? ? ?'????'? ??''? ??' ??'???? ?'?? ????'', ???''?'?' ??'? ?? ????''. ?' ???. ?.

88 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

???'??? ?+%?????? ??%?? ? '??, '? ???'? ?'?? ?' ?' +''? ????+?'? '??? ??''? ??'?? ? ?'????'. ???' ?'?? ?? '?'' ????. '?-?', '? ????? ?'??? ?? ???? ?'?, ? ?? '?'?? ??? ???''??% ? ?'?. ????'? ????+???'? ??''? ??'?? ? ?'????' ? ???+%' ?? ?'?? ???. '?-'??', ?' ?'? ???? ?'??, ? +?? ????+?'? ??''? ??'?? ? ?'????'. ?? ??', ' ?'?? +''?. ?+?, ?'' '??', ??''? ??'?? ?'????' ?' ?'? ?' '?'? ?'??. ?' ?' ? ? ???? ??'??' ?'???, ???? ??'?? ??'?? ?'????' ?? ? ???'  ?'???.

? ?'?' ' '?? ?'? ??'?, '? ?' '+? ?'?' +''? ????+?'? ??'?'? ??'?? ?'????', '+? ?'?' ?'? '???? ??' ? ?? '??' ?'? ???''? ?'??%: '?'?? ? ??'?, '? ???? ?-'? ?+??? ????'?, '? '? ?'' ?'?? ?'??'? ?' ?'?? ???? '??' ? ?'''' ???+' ??????, ?' ?' ??? ?? ??''?, +'??? ?'??? ??????, '? ? ?'?? '? ?'? ???? ?? ??'?? ?'????' ????? ?'???. ?? '?'?? ? ???+' ?+?'??''??'. ???'??' ??'?? ?'????' ?'?' +''? '?', '?+' '? +'' ????+? ??'?, ? ?? ??'''??? ??' ??'?, ?? ?'? '?? ?'?, ?' ?? ??' ??'?, ??'? ?'?? ?'??'?. (, ?' ??? ??'?, '? '?-'? ?' ???? ?? ?+ ??'?? ?'????' ?'??? '-'? ????', ?' ?? ?'' '?-'? ???'? '? '?'?? '?, ? ??', ? ?'??'? ?? ?'', ??'''??? ???'?.) ?????, ??'??' ?'?? '??, ?????, ?'?+?'?? '?-'? ????'?, '?+' ??'??'?, ??' ' ??'? ??'?? ?'????', ???? ? '?-'? ?'?', '? ''' ????', ??, ?????, ?'?? ??' ? ???'? ?'?. -' +?' ?'??' ?'? ? ??''??' ??+'?' '? '?? ?? ?'. ?' '? ??'''??? ???'' ????+?? ???''? ?+? ?'??, ? ?? ??' ??'??'?, ??' ' ??'? ??'??' ??'??, ?' ?? ??' ??????'???'? ?'?, '? '? ??'? ?''??, ?'' '??', ?' ? ?? ????? ???.

???+'? ??''?? ?? ? '?, '?, ?'?' ?'????'' ?'???? ?'?', ?'?? ?????? ????'? ?'???, '? ?'??' ?' ? ???'? ?'''??? ?????? ??'??'?? ?'????', ?' ???? ?'???, ?'??' ?' ?'??, '? ?' ?'????%?? ??'????? ?, ???? ' ?' ? +??%?, ??'??%? ' ???'??, ?'?? ?+''? ?-'? ???'?'? ????'??, ' ?'???, ?'??' ?' ??'??? '? '??? ??'?''? ??'??' '?'??, ' ?'???, ?'??' ?' ?'?? ?'? ? ???'???'???-?????? ?+'?', ?? ???'???? '? ??. ?'??? '??'?,

'' 4. '???? '??' 89

?' ?'? ?''??? +?' ?????'??', ? ?+'?? ?''??. '?? ???? ?? ?' +?'??? ??: '' ?'?? ??' ?? ? +?' ??'??? ???' 'X ?'?'?? ????+?'? ??? ?'?', ? ?'? ???'?? ? '?, ?'??'? ??'''????' ?? ? ?' ' ? ???'???'? ?'?. (?. ? '??'? ??'?'? ?''????' '??.) ??, ???+' ?'?? ?'? ??????'? ?????? ??'??'? ?' ??'?? ?'????' '? ??'???? ?'??? ?'?? '??, ????, '? ?' ? '?? ????', ? '?, '? ?? ?'' ??'?''?? ??'??'? '?'?? (??, '?' +' ?? '? ?'?' ? '??? ...'), ??%'?? ''?? ??'??? '?'?. '??' ? '?, '??' ??'' ? '??, '? ?+%? ?'? ? ???' '?'??'??? ??'??, ? ?'??' '? ?+???' ???? ?? ?'???? ?' '??? ?'???.

? ??? ?'?'?, '??' '????'??' '?? ', ?'??'? '?', '? ?' ?'?? ?'???, '?'?? +''? '?-'? '?, +'??? ?? ??? ?'???'. '??'??? ?+'???' ???' +''? '?????? ?'??'?', ?'??'? +'??? '???, '? ?' ?????'??? ?????? ??% ??'?. ??? ??'??' '? '??' ?'??? ? ?'??'?? ?'???? ?+'???. ??? ?????'?? ?'' ??''? ??+' ?'??? ?+'???, ??' ?+ ??%?'?, '? ?'???? ???'? +??% ?'?'?  ?+'??', ??'??%. ' ?' ???? ????'?'? ??-'? ??'?' '?? ??%?', ?'?' '??', ?' ??'??? ? ??? ????'?'? ??'?' ???' ??%?', '?????'??? ????%? ??'?''??? ?'????'?'.

??'??'? '?, '?' '??', ?'? ?''??? ?' '?? '? ???, '? ?'?? ?'?? +''? ' ?'??'? ' '??'? ??????? ???? ?' ??%??? ? ?? ??? ? ?'??'?' ? ?? ??-'+? ??????' ??'??'? ? ?'????'?, ?' '??? '  ?'?'??? ?'???? +''? ?'+????? ??%? ? '??, '? ?'?'?? '?'? ?'?? +''? ' ?'??'? ' '??'?,  ?' ? ?? ?' ??????' ?'? ? ? ?'????'?, ? '????'? ? ?'???. ' ?'???? ?'??? ?'?'? ?'?'?? '?'? ?' ?' ? ?'?'? ?????? ?'?'? ? ??%?'?? ? ?''??' ' ? ??????' ? ??'????, ???? '?? '?'?? ???'?' '????+???' ??'? ? ?''??'?, ? ??? ??''??'. ?' '? ?+'' ????+???'?? ?''? ? ?'?, ?? ??' +''? ?'?'? ??????'???'? ??? ????+???'?.

????'??? ?'?? '?? ?'' ?'?' ('? ?+???, ?'? '''?? ''? '??') ??'' ??? +?' ??? ???'? ?''??' +?' ???? ???'? ?'. '?' ? ?'?'?, ?' ?' ?? '??'?' (1959), ?' '? ?'?? P ?'?? +''? '+? ?'??'?, '+? '??'?, '? ?'?? +''? ?'? '?, +'?-

90 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? ?? ??? ?'?'?? '+? ?'??'?, '+? '??'?, '?'?? '?? ?'?, ? P ??''?' ??+?? ?'?? '?? , '? ?' ??' +' '? ????? ??? ??''? ?+? ?'??, ?'???? ?? +''? +' ????? ?'?'? ' ?'?'? , '.. ? P ?'?'?? ?'''?? ????'? ?'???'. ?? ?' ??'? ?'? '?'?', ?' '?'??? ?'??' ?'?? ?' ???' '?'???? ?'???' ??' ?'? +?' ??? ??'?, ?' '?'????'?' ?'???, ???'?? '??' ?'' ?'????'? '??'? ???'?'. ?' ??'??? ?'?? ?'??, ? ?'? '?'?' ? ?' ??'. ? ?' ?? ?? ?'??? '?'?? '?, ? ?' ??, '? ?'?? ?'? '?'?', '? ?''??? +' ???''??'? ??'??'?? ?'????' ??? ?'???. ?+?? ?'? ?? ??' ? ?'?'? ? '???? ?'? ? ???'???? , '??' ?? ?+??'?' ?? ?'? '??, '? ????' ?'??. ???, ?'?? ????? ?' ?'?? % ? ???'?'?? ? '??, ?' '??', ?'' ?' ?'?'?, ?'?' '? '?? ???, '? ?'?, ?'?, ???' '???? ??? ? '???'?? ??'?''????'? ??'??' ''??'. ?? ??' '?'? ?+? ? ?' ??'???? ?'' ? ?'?'??? ?''??' +'??? ?????+??'? ?'?????? ?'???.

'??', ???, ? ? ??''??? ????. ???'??% ??'?'?? ?''??' ? ??''? ???? ? '??, ? ?'?'?? ' ''??'??-???'? +?' ??'? ???'?, ?' ?'?????'?. -?? ??'?  ???%? ?''?? ????: ??' '? ?'? ?? ???? ??? ?' ??? ? +?'??? '??'?? ??'??'?, ?'?' ??, '? ????%? ?'?' ??-'? ???'?? ???'??? ', ? ??''?, '? '?-'? +''? ??? '?'???' ' ''???'. ????'?? ???: '?' ??' ??'?' ? ?', ??? +?' ?????'. ?' ??, ???' ??, '? '?, ??????%? ?' ?'?, ?'?' ??????'? '??, '? ??' ??'?' ? ??%?'?'. ?? ?' ? ??, +?' ' ?? ?''??'?' ?? ?? ?'?'?? ??'?, '? ??' ??'?' ??'''??? ? ??%?'?', ?' '? ?'? ?? '????'? ? ???'???? '?'??, ?, ??, ? +???'?'????'?.  ??? ???'????'? ?' ??'? +?' ?+%? ?'? ?' ?'?, ? '? ?'' ?+? ? ?'? ??'??? '?'? ''??'?'; ?? ??' ?'? ?? ??? ? ?'??? ???, ?' ?? ?'. '??' ??' '??, ?????%? '??'?-???? ???'? ? ?': '?'?? ?' ?'? ??? ?? ?'?? ? ? '?, '? ??+ ????%? ? +?' ??' . ?'???, '? ???''??'? '?, ?'????? ?? '? ??', ?' ?'? '?, '? ''??-'???'?? '??? ?? '?? ''???', ? ????? ? '?'??'?, '?' ?'. ?+?, ??' ??, ?' ?  ? ??? ? ???%?? '?? '?? ?'?, '???? '? '? ?' ??'?+'?? ??'???? ?'??? ?'? ????? ??? ?'?? ?'?'???? ???'?'. ? ?

'' 4. '???? '??' 91

?'? ', '?' ? ???'? '?'? ?????? '? ?'? ? ?? '??, '? ?'?, ??%???', ??'.

???, ?+?'??? ?'?'?? '??'12. ????' '?'?'?' ??? ?+??? ? ?'?'?? ???'?; ?? ?'?'? ?'??''??' ? '????'???, ?? ? ??'????''???, ?? ? ????'???. ??? ??? ?+?' ''?' (1963) '??' ???? ?'?' '? '?? ???, '? '????'? ?'?'?? ?'?'?'??, ?+?' '?? ?'? ??'?'' (1979) '?'? ?+??? ?'?' ??'????''?, ?'??, '? ?? ?'? ???'? ?? ????' ?+?? ????, ?'???, ?'??, '?? ?????. ?? ??', ??? ?'?'' ??' +' ?'? ? ??+???. ? ??  ??'?' ?? ?'?'?? ?'?'?'???

' ??'? ? '??'? ?? ' (1978) ?? ?' ?'??%: ''?? ??'?' ??? ?? ?'? ??+'?? ???'??' '??, '?+' ?'?, '? '??? ??? ?+??' ????? ?''. ?' ? ?? ??-'+? ' ?' ''???', '?, ???, ?? ???'?' ???? '?? ??'?? ?'?? ????'. ?' ?? '?-'? ?'' ?' ??'??' ?'????? ?? ? ?? ??' ???, ?' ' ?'? ?'?' '?? ????+ ?''??' ??' ?'?, ?'??'? '??? ??? ? ? ???'??? '???. ??'?, ?'?' ??, ?'?? ? '?? ??%???'?, '?? ?'???, +?? '? ?'??? ? '??? ?? ' ? ??''??' ??+''?, ?'?'? ?'???, ?'???, ?'????'????' ????? ' +??%? ???, '.. ? ???? ???'?' '??, ?+'?' ' ' ?'??? '?+?'?'? ?'????'?'? ??? ???? ?' ??%?? ? ?? ???' ??'??'? ?'?'. (?????, '?-'? ?? +' ?'''?, '? ?? ? ?+'?', ?? ?' ?'. ???? +''?, ??, ?'?'?'?? ?'???? ?'?', ?? ? ?'???? ?'??? ? ?'?'??' ?+?'.) ?'??? ?'?'?, ?' ?'??? ?+'?' '? ?'????'?'? ???; ?'?'?'  ?'?', '? '?'??? ????'???? '?? ?'?' +''? ???'' '?'?? ?? ??''?? ? '?, '? ?''?? ?'??%? ??'? '? ?'??? ?'?? '??'. '?' ???' ?? ?????', ?'?'?'?'?'. (?? '??' '?''?? ?? ??''??? ?+ ?'?? ?'.) -?? ?' ???' '???, '? ? ?? ????. ?? ??', '? ???'? '??', ?' '' ? ?'?'?. ?????, ?? ????'?' ???'?' ??'??'?? ????', ???+??? ?+?' '?? ?'? ??'?'', ??? ? ?? ?' ??????' ??'?'? ?? ?'? +?' ''??? ?+???, ???? '??, '? '??' ?'??? ? ?'?'?? +??'?'?? ?+??'? ?'?'?'??, ? ? ?? ??''??'.

'?', ? ? ????, ??' ?'??? ' ?+', ???'?? ?'??'?'?'? ???? ???? ?'??? '??' ?????. ??  ? ?'? ???? ??'??'?, ? '-'? '? ??'? ''?% ???'?? ????', ???? ???? ? '??, '? ??' +' ?' '?'

92 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??? ?+??? ??'?+'?? ????? ??? '? ??? ?'?' ???''??? ?'??? ? ???'??, ?'???? ?'?' '' , '? ???''. '??' +??'?'?? ?+? '?'?? '??, '? ??, ? ???? ??, ?', ?'?' ?' ??+?' ???' ?' ??% ?'???? '? ???????, ? ?'??' ?'??? ???'?? ?'??' ' '??'.

????  '? ?+'?? ??''??, '? ?'? ?' ?'???? ??%?'??? ?+?'?? '??' ????'?' ?'?' ???? ???''??? ''???' ?'?'. ?? ?+%???'??? ????, '''?-??'' ?'?', '? ??%?'?' ?+?'?? ?'?'?? ?'????'?, ???'??%? +?'?'?' ?+?'?, ?????' +?'?'?' ?'??'??', '? ?'????' ?'', '? ?'?'?? ?'????'? ?' ?'? ?'?, ???? ??. '??' ? ?'?', '? '?' ???? ?+?'?', ?? ? ??+?? ?? ?+?: '? ''???' ?'?' ?'?'?? ?-'? ?? ?'????? ' ??', '? ?'????' ?' ?-'? ?? ?''? ? +?''? ??+???. ??? ?' ?+?', ?' ?''??', ???' ?? '??', ??' ??? ?'???? ???? ?'???''??? '??, ?'?' ' +''? ?'?'? ?'??? ??'??? ?'??'? ' '??'?; ?? ? ?'?' ??'?'??? ?????? '? ''???'? ' ?'????'? ???. ??' ???+??? ????' ? ?? ??????'?? ?'? ?'?'?.

?? ??', ?'?'? ?' ?'? ????'??? ??, ????'??%? ??'??'? ?? ?????? ??? ????' ?????, ?'??', ?''??, ??' ?''??? +?'?? ?+%?, ? ?' ?' ??'?. ??'?'? ?' ??? ?'?', ?'??? '?-'? ??'' ?'''??'?. ????'?? ? ?'?'?? ?? ?????', ?'?? ?'?', '? ??'??' ?'?' '???' '? ? ?'??'?? +?'?? ???'?'? ?' ????, '?'?? '?'? ? ?'???' ????'?? '?? '?'?, '? '?'? '???'. ?? ?'?, ?'?' '??', ? ?'?'?? reductio ad absurdum. -'? +''? +' '?'?, ?' +' ????'? '????' +?' ??? ?+'?', ???'?? '???, ?'?, ?' '?? '?+????'? ??%?'??%?? ?'?, ?' ?'?'? '. ??, ?'? ?'?', ??' ?'??? ?+?'? ??'??'? ?'? ?' '????? '? ?+'??? '??'??? ?', ?' ?' ?'??? ??'?'??? '??? ???. ?' ? ?? ?? ? ?+?%??? '?+'????? ?'?' ??'?? ??'?. ('??' ?????', '?, ?'? ?? ?'' ??'? '+?????? ''?'''? '???', ??' ? '? '???' ? ?+?' ? ?? ? ????? +''? ?+?'?'.)

??' '? '' ?''??' ?+'? ??? ?''? '??' ? ?'?? ?' ??'?? ? '???? ?''? ? '?  ??? (Synthese, 1982). '??' ???'' '?? ??'??? ??? '??? '?: ??? ?? ?'??? ?'?'??? ?%'?? ??? ?'??'

'' 4. '???? '??' 93

'?? ?'?? ??'?? '???, ???? ' ?' ?'???? ?'?? '?? ?'??? '??? ??? ??? ??'?? ?'????' ?? ?????' ' ?'. ??? +?' ??? ?''? '??' ???'?? ??'+'?' ?'? ?'?? ???. , ?? ??', '? ?'?? '???''??? ??????' ??????'? ?'?'?, , ????, '????'?, ?'? ???'' ?''? '??? ????''??'?, ???? ' ??+% ??'??'? '????? '????'?' ???%??? ?'?'?'??? ?'.

?'??? '????'?'', ?'?' '?'?? ??????' ?'???? ? ?'?'??' ?+?'', ? % ???' ?? ?????' ?'???? ??'??' ???'''??' '?'??, ?'??' ?? ???' ??'??' ?'??? ? ?'?'??' ?+?', '.. ?'???? ??'??' '?'?? ' '?' +' '?-?+?? ?????'?? ?'??? ??'?, ?? ?%?'' +' ''?'. ?? '?  ??? ?? ? ???', ??+?? ?'?'?, ?'?'?, '? ?'? '?'? ?'???, ???'?? ??' +'' ????. ???'??? ?? ???' ??'??? '?? '? ???, '? ??+?? ??'??? '?'? ?'?? +''? '+? ?'??'?, '+? '??'?, ? ?? ? ??? ?'?? ??????' ''? ??-'+? ?'?'??'? ?'' ? ????, +'??? ?? ??+?? '?'? ?'???'. ('??' ?'' ?'??? ?'???' ????, ??'???' '? ??, '?'??'? ?'?? ??'?'.) ? '?' ?'?? '??', '????'?'?, '?+' +''? ??'?''??'?, ?'?' +''? ?'?'?'? '?? +?' ?'???? ??'?', ?'??'? ?' ?'??? '???? ??; ???? ??'???, ?'' ??, ?' ?+'?? ?'? '?'?.

?? +?'?? ? ?'??'?? ?'?'?, '? ???, '? ???' ?? ?????', '??'? ?'?'?? ?'?'??. ?? ?? ? % ?+? '??, '? ????' ?'? ??'?? ??+'? '?? ???. ?? ' ???'' ??''? ? '??, '? ??? ', ?? ?', ??, ?'???' ?''? ?'?'?'? '?'?? ?'???, '? ?? ?'?' ?'??? ?+ ??'??' '?? ??%???'? ????'?%??? ? ?'??? ? ??'???? ???? '?? ??%???'?, ? ?'??' '?? '?''.

94 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???'' '' 5

'' 5. ?'?-? ? '?'?-?

?+??? ??? ?? ?'?'? ?'?'?'? ?'??? ? '?'?? '? '??': ?'?' ??? ??? '??'?? ?'? ''???'? +''?. ? ?'?' ?'???? '??? ?+?' '???+' ???? ???' (1978), '? ' ?' ??'??' ??? ?? ?'? ?'??? ??'???? ?'?'??? ?? ?????+?? ?'??'  ? ??'???%?? ??'? ' ???, ???%?? ???? ????'. -'? ?, ? ? ?'??, +''? ?'? ??'??, ???'?? '? ?..'?????, ?? +????? ''?'?? ??'???'?'? ?'?'' ???? '?'. ?? ??+?'???? ?? '??? ??'' '?'??'? ?'?'? ? ?'?? ?????, ?'??'? ?' ??? ?'?'? ?'? +'? ??'??'. ??'?? '?'?? ?????', '? ??+?? ? ?'?' +??'?'??? ??+?', ?? ?'? ? ' ?????, ?'??' ?'?'?? ?'??? ' ''?. '??? % ?? ''???', ??%?%??? ???'?? ????'?, ?'??' '????' ?' ? ?' ?'?''? ??+ ?'?? ''???'', ????? ??'???? ??'? ? ???? '+???' ? ???' ?' l.

'??', '? ? ????'??? ?'???, '%''??? ?' ''??'??? ?'??' (1951) '??? ?' ?+?'? ?'???'???? ?'????', ?????? ? ?+?? ''???? ??'???? ??' ???, ?'? ???'???? +?' ??? ????? '???? '????''. ???+?? ???-?, '??? ?''''?? ?' ??'???? ????' ???' ?, ????' ?'??'??'? ?'?????? ?+????' ?+%? ??'???. ??? ? ?'?? ???? ?? '''?? ??'??'? ? ??'??'? ??, ??-'? ??. ?? ?'' ??? ????? '?? '?'?'???', ???'?? ?' '??? +?' ' '??'??' ?'', ', ?, ''?' ?, ????'' ??? '? ??'??'???, ? ???' ??? ?'', ?'? '' ???. (?' ??? ? ?''' ' '?, '? ?? ?'??' ??? ??'?? '????'?'???' '?, ? ????%? ? ??%???'? ??? ??, ?'' ?' '''???'???' '?, ? ?'??%? ??'' ? '??'.) ?? ?? ??'???,  1951 ., ? +'' ?'?'?? ?+'??? ????. ''? ?? ????'? ????: '?? ???'?' ' ??'''??? ?? ??'??' ?', ???'? ?'' ' '? ?+?'??'

???+?? '??'?, ?'? ? ??????? ?'? ??''?? ? ''?% ?'?? ?'?'?, '??? ?'', '? '? ''???' ?? ??''? ??? ?''? ?????. ??? '? ?? ?'? ? ??', '? ? ?'?' '''??? ??????'???'? ? ???? ????? ????' ? ?'-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 95

% ?????? ??', ?? ?'? +''? ?+%? ?'??'?? ??. ??, ? ? ????, ???'?' ? ?'??. ? '??? ??'??' ?' ? ?'??'?? ?''? ?+?'? ????'?, ???''??'? ?? ? ?????'????, ? ?'%? ?????? ??'?? ??. ??, ?? '+???'? ? ???'? ??'. ?? ? ?'? ???'? ? +?' ???? ?? ???, ?'?? '????'? ??'??? ????? ?'???? '???, ? ??, ?'???? ??? ??'?? ?-'? ??? ??'??? ?'???? ??'?, ???? ? ???? ????? ????, +?' ?'''??? ?' ?? '?? ?'?? +?' ????? ??'?', ???' ? ?? ???' ????. ???+??' ???' ????', ? ? ????, ?'??'?? ??? ???'? ?' ?'? ??'??? ???? ???? ??' +''? +?' ??'''???? +'??? '???, '? ? ?? ??' +''? ??'??? +?' ??+??'?%? ??'?, ?' ???' ? ?' ???? ??'?' ?'? ???' ???'? ?????'?' ?'???.

' 1968 . '??? ??' ?? ? ??? '' ????''. -'? ?+?'??''??'? ?? ? ?? ???. '?-?', ?'? ??? ??'?? ??+'?%? ?'?? '??? ???'?? ??'??, '? ?''' ? ?' ??', ?'??? '?? ??? ?'??'?? ?????, ?..'???, ??? ?? ?? ???'??. '?-'??', ?'??'?? ??'?, '? '???, ?'' ?' ' ? ???????, ?'??' ?? ?'????? +' ?? ? ??, ?'???'?? ????'? ??? ?????, ? ??' ? '????+' ?'?''?, ???? ?????? ??? ?+%? ?? ?'?+'?? ?????'. -'? ??%?'??? '?' ? '?, ?? ?'? '???' ' '??'?' ?? ?'? ???'? ? ???. ????, ????, ??'?? ? '????? ?'???''??? ??????' ??'???? '?'??'?' ???' '???, ?'??' ? ?'??'?? ???'? ?? ?? ?'??' +'' +' '???? ????'?'. ??? ?'' '??? ? ??'? ??? ?'??'?? ??? ??? ??'?' ?' ? ???? ? ? '??' ?+??' '  '??' +?'?'?' ???? ?' '???'', ? ???? ????, ' +???'.

?''? ?' ??''??' ???, ?+?'??? '?? ??? '??? ?'?? '?'???? ?'?'?'. ' ??-'? ??'?' ?? ?????' ????'' '?' ??' '????? '?? ??+?'?. '??? ??' +', '? ??%?'??' ?'?', ???? ? ??'???%??, ???? ?????'?', '??''' ??. , ????, '???'', ??'? ?'?, ???' ?'?' ??' ?'? ?? ? '??, ? ?? ?'?? ?'??. '?????, ?'? ????' ???'? ?'???, '? ?'????' ' +?'?' ??' %. ' ?'?? ?'? ?' ??? ??'??'? ?'?' ??'', ????, ????, ?'??%: ' ???, ??...' ' ' ??'?', ??...' ?'  ?' ??? ?'? ??? '??? ?+?'??''??'?, '? ?? ??'' ??' ?+'?' ?'? ' ??'' ??? ?+'?'?, ?? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?' ?'?' ??'???? ???' ??' ??. '

96 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??' ??', ???'??, '???? ??'??' ?? ???'. ' '?? ?'? ?' ?+'?? '? '?, '? '?' ' ???? ??' ???'? ??+??. ??? ??'? ??'? '  ?? ?+ ??'??' ?' ?' ?''??, '?  ??'''??? ????' ?'. ??  ''???'', ?????% ? ?''??? +?' '???? ???? ?+?+%??, ????'?? ? ???? ?'???''??? ?+%? ?'??'??' ??, ?' ?+'?? ????? '??  ?, '.. ?'?, '? '??''' ?'??'?????? ?? ?'??'?? ?'??'? ' ??'??'? ????' ?''??, ?? ??'''????' ?'??'?????. '??? ?'?' ???? ??%?, ? ?'??? ??'?? ?' ????, '.. ??%? ? '??, '? ??' ?'?'?? ?'??'?, ?' ?? ?' '??-'? ?'?.

?? ?'?', ???, ??'?, ?'' '???, '? ?'? '??' ?' ?' ?'????' ??? ????. ?+? '' ? ??? ???'? ??-'? ??', ??? ? ? ????, ?'??'? ?? ? ???, ? ?+??, ? ?????''. ''?, '? ?' ??? ?'? ? ??, ?' ???' ??, ?' ???'?? ?'??' ? ??''. ? ?? ?' ??????' '?' ?? ???'??? '??'', ? '? '?+' ??'??'?, ?  '?? ??'''????'' ?' ', ?'?' '?', ? ?? ?' ??????' '?' ?? ?? ???'?' ??, ? '? '?+' ??'??'?, ?  ??'''????' ''%? ???? %? ??+?'??'.

'??? ?'' ?+? ??'??? '??'?'??. ?? ?????', '? ? ??' ??; ? '?' ?+? ??'?? ' ????'?? ?+????'?, ?'?'? ?'??'? '? 1970- ??. ? ???' ?? ' '????' ???' ?'' '???, ???? ?'??' ???'???? ? ?'??'?, ?' ?? ? ?????, '???'?? ??? ?? ??????, ???+??? +'? ?% ?' '???'?'. (???'? ' '??-??'?.) '? ?????'??' ??' '???, ?'??? ', '? ? ??''????' ??'??'? ??????, ???? ?''? ??'''??'? ?' ???? ' ?? ?????' ?? +?' ??? ????. '? ?? ?'?', ' ?'? ''?, ??'??? ?'????? ' ?' ?????'? ? ??? ??'? ? ?+? '?', ' '? '?+?? ???? '??' ?'? +''? '+? ?????'? ??, '+? +???'?'??'?'; ?'??, ???' ??, ??' ???????' ????'+'? ' '??? '.

?  '?, +?? '? ???, ??' ' ''???'', ?'???' ??'? ?' ? ??? ??'? ??' ??; ???, ?' ?''?, ? ??? ??? ?' ?''? ??, ?'??'? ?'' '? ?? ?'?'?. ?' ????? ?'?, ???' '???, ?'? ?'???, ?'??, ??'???, ???, '?'??? ???? ???. ?? '? ?'?' ?? ?????? ? ? ?'?' ???'?, '? ?? ?' ?? ?'?? ??????? ??'??, ?' ?+'?? ?'?, ?'?'?? ?'?. ?? ?'?? +?'?? '?'?'? '???''?' ?'????''. ??, '??' ?''?? ?'??'? '?, ? ?? ? ??'' ? '?' ?+??

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 97

? ????' ? ??+?'??' ?''. ? ''?'? ?+???' ???' ??'? ????' ??? ?'???'??? '?'??' ?'??? ???? ??? '?, ???''?' ?'??? '?% ?+'??? ?? ?+?? ?????, ??????? ? ???? ?'??? ?????''. ??' ???' ?'??? ''+?? ?? '?'??'?'? ??'?? ?'?', ??? ??????? '? ??'???? '??'. ?' ?? ?+??? ?'? ? ?'?'?? '? '??, ? ??'????'.

, ?'?? ? '? ?' ?' ???'??'??? '?+'??'? ????? '??? ?' ??' +''? ?'??'? ??'?, '? ??'??'?? ??'??'? ?+??? ???'' ????'?'? ?', '??'? ??'?, ?'??? ??' ???? ??'?? '? ???' '''???'?' ?'. ??'??, ??' ?? ', ?'?''? ??? ???'? ? ??'?, '? ?' +?? ?+?%'? ??? '?'?? ? '?'????'. ??' ???'?? ???? ?+'?' ????? ???'?'', ? ?'?. ? ???'??, ?'?' ?? ', ?? ?'?' ?''? '??'??' ???? ? '????? ?'???? '??? ? '????? ?'? ?'??, +?' '?? ???'? ? '?'????'', ? ?+ '?'?'. (' '? ???'? ??'''? +''?'? ???, '? ??? ?+''??' ???' ?'?', ??' ? ?? ???' '???''?'? ''?'. ?? ?'? '??', ' '??? ?' ?' ???''??? ? ? '?'?? ? ???' ?' '???''?'' ?', ?'? ?'?' ? '???? '?, ?'????? ?????? '???'???'', '?'????'' ' '???'???? ?'?-???'' ' ?????? ?'? ???'??.)

? ? ?? ??''?? ????: '' ? ???'?' ?'????'??' ?? ???? '?'??? ??????' ???'?? ?'??'? ?'?'? '???? ?'??? ? ???'? ???'? ?'' '??? ? ?'?' ????. ???, ?? ? +?'??? ???'??'? ?????' ??? ?'?'? ' ?+??', ?? ??'?'  ??' +?'?'?? ????'? ???' ?''??? '??'?', ?' ?+?????', ??? ?? ?'?' ? ?'????'?? ???'? ?????, ? ??''? +???? ???' ??? '?'??. '??'????'? ???' ?'??'?? ?'?'??'? ???'? '???. ??'??, ?? ' ? ? '???' ???? ??%?'??%?? ???. ?' ?' ?'? ?'?, '?'?? ' ???? ?'?' ' ?'??? ' ??? ' ?'??', ?', ???' ??, '????? ????', ?? ? ?? ??'???? ??'?', +? '?'??? ???? ?? '?'? ??' ?'??? ??'???? ?? ?'. ''? '+?? ?? ??'?? ??%?'?' ????'? ?'?. ?? '??' ???'???'? ?' ?'??? ?' ?'?? ???? ???, ? '?' '', '? ?'??? ???? ???'??? ??'? ??' +''? '??'? ????, +?'?? ? ???'?? ???''?, ?' ?'??? ?'????'?, ??'??? ?'????'?, '??'??'??-???'?', ???'?'?, ?+'?'? ??'?, ?'???? ????+???'?. ???? ' ? ???%?? ?' ?'? ???'? ??'?? ?'???? ?'?-

98 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'? ?'? ?' ?'?? ???'?' '?'? ????'? ????.

??'??, ? ?'?' ?''?, '? 1970- ?' ?'? ? ?' ?'??????. ' ? '?+?'?? ??' (1972) ??' ???, ?'?? '??? ?''??, ''? ? ? '?+?'?'? ???', '?'??? ??, ??' ??'???? ?? ?'? ? ? ???? '??? 2. ?? ''?' '? ??, ? ??'? ? ? ?'? '??', ? ? '???? ?'?'. ??'? ?? ???' '? ?+?'' ???'????; ''???? ?? ?' ??''??' ?+?'' ???'????; ?'?  ?? '?' ?+? '?+?'?? ???? ?'?', ?'???' ????? ??'???, ???? ????''.

' ?'???? ? '? ??? ??? ?'?'?? ?'?'??. ??? ??? '??? '? ?? ' %' '???????' ?'?? ??, ???+????' ??' '?? '? ???, '? +' ???''???'? ?'?' ??, ? ? ????, ? ???'??' ?' ??+'??' ' ?'??, ?'? ????'?, ????? ???'? ? ', ? ?'? ? '?? ??''??'? ???'?????, '???'???? ????', ?? ' ??'' ? ''????? ???, ' ?'?'?? ? '???. ??? ?'' ?'? ?? ?'?'??'? ???'??, ??+?'? ?' ?. ?? +?' ?? ?'? '??, '? ??'?? '???, '?  ??? ?'' ?+?'?? ??' ? ????? '? ?+?''. '??' ? '? ?? ?'?? '?????? ? ?????, ??? ?????% ?'?'??'? ?'+??.

' ?' ??? ?? +?' ?'??'??'? ?? ?'. ?? ??', '? ??? ?'?' ?? ?'. ?? +?? ??' ????'?, ?? ?'' ? ?? ??+'?'. -'?, ??? ???, ?''?' ?? ????'? (? ''???? ??) ??'? '? ????. ?? ???? ?+'??' ??' ?+?'' ?'? ?? ?' ??' ??%???', ??' ??'???, ?'?' ??', ??????'???', ??+'?'. '?'? '?'? ?? ?'?'?? '??? ???'??, ?' ?' ???, ?' ??? '??, ????'' ??+'??' ?'? ??%?'??' ?? ? ?+, ?? ?? ? +'' ???' ' ?????' , ?????, ?? ?? ? +??' ???' ' ?????' '???'.

''? ??? '? ??? ?'?'?? ??+?'?. ?? ??, ?'' ??,  ?? ??; ?? '''?? ?'? ? '?? ???'???' ?'??? ?? ? ???%?? ??^? +???+?'??? ??'??'?, '? ?'???? ?' ?? '?, '? ??'?? ? ?????, ? '?, '? ??? ??'?? ? ?????. ??? ?'?? ?'?'?, '? ? -''???'??? ??????' ?+?'? ?'??? ??'? ?'? ??+?'??. ?'???'? ??? ?? ???' '%, ?' '% '? +?'. ??? ?' '?? ??? ?'?? ??, ??? ? ? '??, '? '+?? +??' ?'??? '?+'???' ??'?'?? ????, '? ? ?+'??? ??'??'?? '???. '?? ?????? ???, ?' ? ???, ?????? ? ??? ''???'?? '???, ????+?'?' ???? ?'?'?'?, ?'??? ? ?'?'? ''???'? ???, ??'?? ??+?'?, ? ??? ? ??

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 99

?. ' ?? ?'?? ?? ??+?' %'? ?'? ??' ???? ??. ??''''?'??? +??'? '? ?'??? ???+??? ??''?? ?'?? ?'????, ?'? '?-'? ?' +', '? ?'? ? '''???' ?'???' ? ??? '? '''??? ???'? '? ?'+?'???? ?'??.

?'??? ??+?' ??'? ?????? ??'? ??????' ''???'? +'? ? '??, '?' ?' '?? ? '?'???'? ?+?'' (1975). ??  ?? '?', ?''? ??'?, '? ? ?''? ?'?% ?'?'? '' +'' ? '?'?? ?'??''??'? '?, ?? ???'' ???? ??+?? '???, ???%??' ?? ?????'? '?? ?' ?'?? ???'????' ???' '???, '?'? ? ?'??? +''? ????? ??'+'? ?''. ????'?? ??' ?'??? ? ? ?? ???? ??.

??? ? ''???' ?'?'. ' ?''? ''? ?'? ?'?'?? ?'??' ?'??? ?????'?? ???? ??'? ''??, ?'??, '? ?'?'? ?????? ??' ?''??? +?'?? ???'? ? ??????? ???? ??, ?' ?'? ?+'?? ???'?? ''???'??? '??, '? ?'?' ?'? ???' +''? ??'?'? ???? ????''. ??, ???? , ? ?'?', '? ?'?' ?'? ????? ?? ' '? '? ?'?' ? ?? ?''??'?. ?? ?? ?'?'?? ??'+'? ?'? '?????? ?''' 3.

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

-'? '? ?'?? ??????' ????'??. ? +''? ? ?'??? ?'?'? ?'??? ???? ?'?'' ?'? ??' ????'?, ?????'? ?'????. ? ', ? '?, ?'?' ??, ? ???' ?+??'?? + ????'. '??' ? '? ? ? ?'? ??'?' ''-'???'??' ??. ????, ?'' ??, '? '?'??'?? ?+???-

100 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? ?'?'?? ''? ??'??' '???, ????'?? ????'? '??'?????? ??????'? ?'+??', ?? ????'?'? ? ??' ?'?? ?'???. ?? ? ????, ?'?? '??%?'?' ????'? '' ?', ??''????% ??'????? ?'?'???? ??'??' ??''??? ?'''?? ?' ?'??? '?'? ??????'? ?'?+?'? '' ?', ??''????% ?'??? ??'??'. ?'? ?? ? ?'??'?? ??'? ????, ??'????, ''???'? ?'?', '?? ?? '?'??'?' ?? ?? ' ????+ ???'? ?? ?????? ?'???''??? ?'????' ????'.

' ??? ''???' ?? ?'??? ' ??'' ? ?'?, ' ? ??????' ????'??. ??? ?'???? ??????' ????'?? ?? ???' ??? ??? ?????: ?' ? ?'?', ?'?' ?? '?'???' '' (1965), ???+'?'? ' ?'???, '????'???'? '?????', ?+'?'? ????? ?+?+%???. ??' ?'??? ?'', '? ??+?' ?'??? ??'' ???+?? '??, ?'? ??+'??, ?'???? '???, '? ? ???? ????'??. '?? ??', ???? +''? +' ?'?, ?' ??' '? ?'???, ?' ?' +' ?'? ? ?'? '???'?+'? ??'?????, '? ' ?'? ??+??' ?'?', ?? ?? ???' ???'?'??? ? ??+????'!' ? ?'? ??'??' '?'??'???' ??'' ???' ???'?'???, ?? ????'? ?' ?'? '??????? ??? '?, ?' ????'? ?+'?' ???? ?+?+%??'. ('??'???, ???? ??'?? ????? '? ???.)

??? ?'???' ?'????? ?+?????? ?'? ????''?? ? ?'?? ?'?. ?%?'?? ?'?'??' ?+?'?, ? ? ????, ?'??, ?'??? ????, ?'? ''???', ?? ? ?'? ?, '? ??'??'? ??'? '??' ?'?, '? ??' ?'?? ?', '? ???' '????? ?'????? '??? ?'?'??' ?+?'?'. ???', ?? ?'?' ??? ??+?? ????%???, ?-'? ?'' '??????'? ???'???'. ???'??? ?? ?'? '??+??? ?'?' '?? ??'???? ??'?', ?? ??%?'??' ??+??' ?'?'.

'?' '%''??? ?? ?'??'?? ?+????'?, '? ??%?'??' ? '?'?? ?''???', ?? '? ?'? '? '?'. -'? ??' ? ?' '?? ??+, ' ???' '???+??. '??' ? '? ?' ''???'' ?? ??? ?' '? ??. ? ?' ? ?'?' ??, ??-+ '???+?? ?? ??? +'' ??'??'? ''???'?, ?'??' ????'?? ?????'?? '??? ??+'? ???, ???'???' ?????', ?' ??+'?' ?'?'?? '?? ?'???''????' ?'??? ?? 4. ?? +?'??? ?' ?+?'' ?'??? ''???' ?? ????' '??  ?+%? ?'?; ?' ? '??' ? ?? '?'???' '' ? '??, '? '''???'? ' ?'?'?? ???'?? ???? '', ? ?'?'?? ?''??? ? '??, ?+?'?' '. ?''?, '''? ''???' ? ?'??? ???' (1965), ???? ''??'????', '? ?? ?' ?. ?? ? ????, ?'?', ?? ''???-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 101

'? ??????' ?? ??. (' ?? ??' ''???' ?+'???? ?' '? '?'? ????? ????' ?'' '?? ????. ??? ?'.)

??? ?' ? +?? ????'?'? ?'??'? ?'????? ?'??? ??, , ???, ?????? '??, '? ?? ???' ?+ ?+%? '?? ??'???. -?? ?' ??? ?+????, '? ?? ?' ???? ?''? '? '?? ? ?'??'??' (1962) ?' ????' ?'? '? ?+??? '???'' ?'?' ''???'? ??+'?'. , ?? ?'?' ?? '? ??? ??'???''? ''??'?' '???? '???? '?+'???', ??' ? ?? ??+'?? ????. ?' ?? ?'?' ?, ? ???? ??, '?? ?'?, ?' ? ''??'?? '?????' ? ????' ???'? '??? '????? '??'. ? ??+?' '???', ???' ??, ???' ?+??'? ?'? ?+'???, , ????, '?'''''. ?' ?????? ? '??'?? '???? '??? '?  ?+???, ? ??? '????; ? ???? ?'???, ? ?' ?? ???+????, ??, '? ?'?? '''? ? ?? '?????, ?' '?'?? ?' ?-'? ?+??? ? ????' '?+'?????'. ? ', ?'?, ?? ??????? ???'?', ??? ?+??? ? ?'?????' ?+???' ?+?'', ??%?'?? ?'??', ?'?, ????? ?+??????. ?? ??', ?' ??? ??????' ???' ?' ?? ?'???? ?+'??? '??'?? ?'???? 5.

'??? ?'?? ???+????'? '??????? ''???' ?? ???'?' '??, '? ?? ??'' ??? ? ?'?? ?'???? '? ??? ???. '????'??? ???'? ?, ?' ?' ??, ?' '?'?? '??, '? ?? ?'??'?? ?????'?? '? ?', '? ?? ??' ?'??'??? ''? '???? ?'. ??'??' ?' ?'? ', ?????% ??'. ?'??? ?'????, ???, ' ?'????? '?? ?'??? ??' ?'??? +?'??? ?? ??''???? ?' ?' ? ????? ? ?+????''???? ????+???'?? ????+? ?????. ' ??'?'' ?? ?'?', '? ?' ? '? ?'??? ' ''??', ?' '? ?????. ? '? ????? ?'' ????? ' ???? ????, '?+' ?? +'' ????, ?'? ?? ?'?' ??'? ??????'? ?'???' ?''????, '?'.

?'??? ??' '??, ???? ?'?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ''??'?? ???' ??'??' (1962), +'??? ?'???? ???' '??', ? ??'????? '?'?? ???', ?'??? ??, ?????'??'??? ? ??? ?''''?'????? '??''? 6. ' ??'?? ??-??, ??? ??'?? '?? '? ???, '? ? ?' '????'???? ??' ??' ???%?' ?? ??? ? '???, '?+' ???? ?'?? ????'? ?'', '???, '?+' ??'? '?'??'??'. ''?' ?? ?'?, ?? ? ??+?? ?' ?+? ????, ? ?'??'? ?? ??'?? ?'? '? ? ??? ????? ??'?, ' ???'? ??+?'????

102 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'? ?'???? ?????'? ????'??. -'? ???? ??''?? ???'? ??'???, ? '?'?? '? ?'''?'? ??'??? (, ????, ??? -???'???? '?? ?'???''????'), ?'??'? ?' ?'?'? ?? ?? ???, ?? ?'???''??? ?'? ??'???, '??%? ?? '?? ?+?'??? ???? ???+%?'?. ' ?? ?? ??'??? ??' ? ?'?'?? ? ?????. ??''?-? ?? ?'?', '? ?'? ??? ?'???? ?''? ??'???; ???  ?' ? ??'??? +?' ''????', ??% ?'???? ??? ?', ? '??.

? ?'?', ?'??? ? ?? ? ?? ??'?'??? ? ?????. ?? ??', ??? +'' ?????'' ??'''?? ??? ??????' ??????'? ?'?'?, ?'? ?'??? ????+?'?' ?' ????'?? ? ???? ???? ?' ? '? ?+ '??'?'???? ?'???''????'' ?? '???'????' ??'. ?'??? ?+??' ??? '??, '? '?' ???? ?'?' ??? ??'?? ''??, ?'??' ?'??'?? ?'?'?'?? , ? ... [?] '? ???, ??'??'?'. ???? ???' ? ??? ? ' ''???' ??, ???? ????? ??' ??'-?, '? ?? ??' ?'?????'? '??????'? ??'? ??' ?'??'? ?'?'???'? ?'?'?' 7.

' ??'??'?? 1969 . ''??'?? ???' ??'??' ??'? '?%?'????? ??'''?' (1977) ??? ?'???'?? ?' ??'??' ?? ?'???? ?'' ? ?+?? ?'?'?, '??'? ??' ?? ?'????? ??????. ?? '' ??? ? ???+?? ?'? (differentness) ??. ?'? ? ??' ???'?? ? ?'???? ???'?? ??'??? ???' ??''?'?, ?? ?'?' ' ???'?? ???, ?'??', '????? ? ... [?] '??' ?? ?'???'??? ?'? ?+? '????'', ?'??', ???? '??? ????'???', ? ?? ? '??, '? ??' ?+'?' ??? ???????'?? ?+% ????'?. ?? '?' '??? ? ??? ?''? ?+?+%'? ? ?'? ????? '???? ?'?'????? ?''????', ?'??' ?'? ? ???''?'?' ?'?????? ?????? ?+????, ??''?%?? ??' ?+?' '????'???? ??'.

? ? ?? ?? ? % ?+? ?' ?? ? ?? ? ??'?? ?'???, ?' '? ??? ??' '' ??+?? ??? ??? ' ???' '????, ?'??' ??????'?? ? ???? ??. ????' ???? ?'??? ??, ? ? ????, ?' ?? ?-?????,  ? ???'?' ??'?+'?'? ?? '  ?'?. '?''???, '?? ?'?' ?'? ??'??'? ?-?????', ????? '??????' '? ???'. ? '?'?? ?? ?????' ??? ??'???'? ??'? ?'?'? ???+%?'?, ?? ???' ?'''??? ???%?''? ?? ? ?' ?'??? ??' ? ?' ????. ???, ??? ??, ? ?? ' ?'? ??'?? ?''?, '?'?? ?' ?? ? ???' ???? ???, ?' ?'???? ?'?' '? ? '??-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 103

?'?'. '?'? ??'? ?'? ?''? '???, ?'? ?+?????', ??? ?? ? ' ??+??? '?' ??'? ?'??,  ? ???' ??'? ? ??; ?? ???'?' ???'? ? ?? ' ???'??''.

??? ?'?' ?+?? '??, '?, ? ? '? ???, ??' ????' ??' ??'??? ???'??'? ?+???, ?'? ?? ??', '? ?' ??? ? ?+??'?'? ?'? ???'??'? ???+????. ???? ??' ???? ??? ??' ???'?'?, ???' ??, ????? '??, '? ?'?' ????+' ???? ?'??'??? ?+?'?' ? ?'?'? ?????, '? '????+?%??'' ??' ???' ?'??'??, ? ? ???? ????, ?'??'??, ?'??' ???? ?'????'??'? ?+'??? ?'. ? ??'? ?? '?? ? ?? ?'???'? ? ?? ??'???? ?????'???? ???? ?', ??' ????'' ?? ???? ???' ?''??? ?+''??'?. (??'?? ? ?'? ? '?+?%?? ???? ??' ?? ??; ?????? ??+??', ?'? ???''??'.)

???? '??, ??? ' ?' '??, '?+' ?'?'? ????? ??. ?? ? ?'?', ?'? '' ?'?'?', '? ??? ??? ?'?'?  ?????, '?+? ???. ??? '? ?? ????? ???'?' ??'?%? ????+???' ??'? ??+'?', ?, ?'? ?+'?? ??''??, '??'? '??? ??''?? ? '??, '? ?'? ??? ? ???? ''. -?? ?'?'? ??.

?'??? ?'?' ??? '?, '? '?' ? ???' ?'? ?? ???'??? ? ??? ''? ???'??? ? ??? ??? ?'?. ??' ???' '?? ???''??' ?? ??' ''' ?'???''??? ?? ?' ?? ?+ ??'? ?, ?' ? ??'? ?' ' ??' ??? '? ?'?' ?'? '?? +??'?'??? ??'?', ?'??'? ?' ? ???. ?' ?' ? ??? ???' ?' ?? ??'? ? ???'??, ?? ?'?', ?'' ?'???, ?''??? ?' ???? ???'? ???. ('??', ?' ', '' ????? ?.) ''? ?'?', ?'?' ?'???, ?? ?' ? ??+'?. ???? ?''??, ??' ??'??? ?? '??? ?'???? ?''???? ??, ?'??? ?'?? ?'? ? ??'??. ' ??? ???? '?? ?' ???'? ???'? ? '??  ???? '??? '?, ?' ??? ??''? ?' '', ??, ''??, ???? ?+??'?'?%?? ??'??' ?'''''?'??????? ???? ?' '???? '? ? ? ?'? ??? ???? '??'. ?? ???' ??' -'': '? ?'?' ??'?'??'? + ??+????' ?'? ??'. ????? ? '?, ? ? ????, ? ??''?' '?? ??+????'.

' ? ?????'??? ?'?? ???? ?'??? ??+''' ?+?' '??''?? ??''??' (1962) ??? ? '??? '?'?'??' ?'. (''??? ??? '???'????' ????+???' ???'? '? ???, ?'??? ??? ??+? '? ?? '?. ?? ?' ?? ?'??? ?'???? ''???' ?+% ?'.) ???' ?'?? ??, ?'?' ?? '?? ?''?, ?' ?'? '?'?'??' '' '?? ??'?', '? ?? ?'??'?? '???'??, ?+????'? ??? ???'. '-???', ????, '????' +?'?-

104 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??? ?'?' ??' ???, '?'??? ??' ??'; ???? ?' ????+??' ??' ??' ? '? ?'?'?, ? ??'? ??'???? ??'???? ??, ??'??' ?? ?'?? '???. ' ??'?'', '?' ??, '?+?? '?? ?? ??' +''? ?'+????, ?'? ? ?'?' ? ''??'????'? ?+?????? ?'? ??? ???'?'. (' ?'?? ??' ?'??? '?? ''??'??.) -?'????' '??? ??''?? '?  ??'?: ''' ??? ??' '?', ? +'' ?, ???? ? ? ???' ' ? -???'??', ?'? ?? = l/2mv2 +'' ??? ? +?' ?'??'? ??. ???'??? +''? +' ????'? ?'?'?, '? '?+?? ?? ?'???''??? ??? ?'?'?? ?''??. ??'??? ? ?'??'? ???'?? ??????? ??? ?'??. ?' ? ???? ?? ''? ?'??'? ?'? ...', ?'??'? +' ? ???' ?'???, ??? ''? ?'??'? (?'?) ? ?'''. ???'??? ?? ? ??' ????', ?' ?' ??? ? ?''? ? ???? (?'? ? ?'?+?', '?+' ?' ?? ??' ? ?'''? ??' ?'?''?). ? ? '? ??? ?' ?'?? ?'? ??'??? ?'? ????'?'??' ?'? '? ?+'?? ?????. ? ?+??? ?'??? ??' ???'? ?'? ?? ??''?? ?''??, ?'? ? ?'?' ? ?'???'??.

?? '??? '?'?'??' ?' ?'??? ??+''' ?''? ''???? ' ???'?' (1970). ?'??? '?????? '? ???, ???' ??, +''? '????? ?' ?+''? ??'??'? ????%? ?'??'?, ?'??' ??' ?+???' '?'????'' ?'? ''???' ?' ???? +''? '''?, ?''? ? ?? ?' ?'??' ??'??', '? ?' ?'? '?????, '? ?' ? '??'????''. ?? ??+'? ???'?' '??, '? ? ? '???' ??' ?' ?'??'; ??%?'??' ??'??'?' '???'. (? ?' +''? '?+'??? '?? '? ??'??'? ???'? ?'????'; ??  ?'??? '?'??'?? ???? ?'.) ?? +?'??, '? ???? ?'?'?, ' ?'? '?, '? ??%?'?' '?'??' '???', '?+??'?' '???, ?'??'? ?' '???????'' ?'??' ? ?'??'? ? '???' ??'? ???'. ??  '?? ?'? ?'?'? '?'?' '???', ?'??' ??'??? ?? ? '???' ? ??? ?' ?'?? ''? ?'??, ?'' ?'???, ?'?+?'?? ???? ??'??, ? '?' ???'. ' ?'? '?'??? '???, ?'?'???, ?'? ??'?? +?' ??? ???''?.

' ?+?' '?+????? ?'???' (1973) ?'??? ?'?' ??? +?' ????? ?''?? (?'? ???'' ??'??? ?? ?? ????'?) ? '?'?? ''??? ????' ?' ? ?'?' ???''? ??? ? ?''? ?'' ?? ?', ?' ?? '?, '? ?? ? '?? '?? ?+?????? '??'??, ? ?'??' '?, ??'?+'??%? ??'??? ?'?? (?? ''????' ' '?'), ??'''?? ? ??? ?' ????' %?, ? ? ???',  ?' ?'?' '? ? ?? +' '? ?+? ?'''? '???? ?' ??'+?, ' ? ?' +?, ' '??? ?' '??.

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 105

-?? ?? ?+?%'?? '?'?'??? ?'??. '???'?, ??%?'?' '?' ? ??? ''??? -?'', ?' ? ? ?'????? ??+?? ??? '?' ?' '-?' ???? ??', ?+'''  ????' ?-?'??. ??? ?'? ??? ?' ?' ? -?' ???? ' ? ??''?' ??+?? ? ?2?, ?' ??????? ??? ??? ?'??? XYZ. ?? ?'?? ? ???, ? ???? ?? '??? '? , ?? ?. ?' +' ??%? ?? ?+'''? '??? -?' ??'' -?'? ???? ??, ?' ??, ????????, ??' +', '? ?'? '?' ??' ??? '?  ?? ? ?+ '?'. ?? ????? ?' ?? ?+'?? +' '??, '? ??+'??, ??'' +' '? ???+%?: '? -?' ???? ?? ? ??' ?2?, ? XYZ'. ?? ??'? ?+, '? ?'?' ? ' ??'?? ? 1750 ., '.. ? ???, ? % +'' ??'?' ???''?'??% ?? '????''. ' ?'?? ?'? ?? ? ??? +' ??'??'? ?' ?? ??? ???. '''? +' ? ? ?'????' ??+?? '?? ?'? ??''? ???+%?, '? ? ? ?+ '?' ??' ??? '?? ? ?'?', ?'??? ?'' ''.

??'?'?', ?'??, ?' +', '? ??'''? ?' '? ??????' ??''? '? ???+%?, ?'??? ?? ??'', '? '?'?' ????? '?? '?????? ?'???'' ?' ' ????'???? ? ?? ???'?. ?? ? ????, ?-'? +''? ?'??'?, '? ? ?' ??? '?  ?? ? ?+ '?'; +?'?? ?'? ? ?'?'?? ?'??'?. ?', ?' ?'? '?  ??? ??? ?'??, ?'??? '?'' ('?, ?'???''??? ? '??? '?' '?'??') ?-'? '?' ?+? ? ' ??', ?'??' ?' ??'??'? ??, ???? '.., ?? '?? '?' '?'?? ??', ??% ??? ???' ??'??' ??'?''. ?? ?'?' ?'', ? ???? '???, ?'???'?? ??'??' ??? ?????? ?', ' ?' ??', +? ?+ ?' ?' ??' ?' ???'? ???' ???. ?' ?+'?? ?'?, '? ???? ??' ??' +?'?? ? ?'?', ? ?' ???, +'' +' ?'?' ???'? ''?% ?'?? ?'?', '? ??? ??+??? ?'' ??'??' % ?'?'??, ? ?'??' ???? ?'??, '? ?? ? ?'??'?? ?'?'??. ?'???'?? ' '?-'? '???  ????? ?'?'????? ?, '?-'? ???, ?' '? ??'??'?? ?'?? ??' ?'?+?'??? ???? ???' ??'???, '+??% ??'?? ??'? +' ?'??'? ??'? ??'???'? ?'??'.

?? ?? ?'? ???'? ? ?'???, ? '?'?' ??'??? ??+?'' ??? ?''. ?'??? ???' ??'???? ??????'? '?'???? '??'  ??' +?' ??+??? ?'??'??? '? ???'??, ??+????'?. '??'? '??, '?+' ?'? ? ? ?' ?'????', ?' ?+?'??? ???? ??????? ?+'?' ? ??'??? '?'???'? ?''??' ?' ''???' ?????. ?'??? ?'?' ???, '? ?'??' ? ?%?? ??'? ''???' ?????. ??? ??? ?' ?? ' ?'?? ?'?'? '? ?? ?'??; ????, ?'-

106 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'? '??? ??' ('Brains as Behaviour', 1963) ?? '?'?' ??' ''??-+???'???' '?'? '+?'' '??'???? ??'????? ??'?? ??? ??. '?, ???' ??, ??' ?''''? +?'?, ? ????'???? ? ???? ' ??? ??. ? ? ?? ? ??'' ??? '???? ???'. ?'??? ??'' ? '??, '? ???' ? '??  ???? +?', ?'???? ?'??' '??? +???'.

??? ?' ?'????? '?? ''??''?'?'?'? ?'?'???? ???'???? ?' ??' ? ???? ???? ?? ''???' ?????, ?'??'? ?'' ?''??? '????'???. ' ?? +?' ??? ?''?? ? ?'?? '?, ' '??? ???'' (1960), ?? ?+?%'?? ???'? '???' ????'. ?' ???'? ??? ?+'''???, '? ?' ??? ??''? ???? ???? ????'? ??? '? '?'??? ??'???? ???????' ???'' ??? ? ?? ???'?, ?'??' ???''??' '??' ??'' ???'. -' ???' ?+???' '????' ???'????', ? ?, +?? ???'? ????'?? ???, ??'??'?? ??? '??? ?????, ?'??? ??' ?'?'? ???'????, ??'?? ? ???, ????' ??? ?'?' ?'?'? ?? ???? ???''?' ? ??'??%? ??'? ??'?. ?? '?? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???'?, ??+% ? ???? ???? ? '??, ?'?'? ?? ????'?????. ?? ?'? ??'?? ???, ?''? ' ???+???, ?'????'?, ??'???'?, ?????'?, ????'? '..; ???''???? ???, ????'??????? ??? ?????, ??' ?'??? ?'''??? ? '+???'? ?'?'?, ?'?? ?'?''?, ''????? ????? ???? ?' ???', ????'???????? ??? ?????. ' ??% ??'' ???', ?? ', ???' +''? ?'?'?' ??? ??' ?'''?, ? ???' ??'??'??? ?''????' '?', '???'??' ' ???' ??'''', '? ? ?? ?? ???' ??''?'? ??+?? ??? '?  ???? ????.

' '?? '??', '????'??' ?'??? '? ?', '? ' ??''???? ???'???? ?'??''?'?? ? ??'??'? '?? '??? ???'????, ' '?, ????, ?' '?'?? '? ?+ ?'?', '? -? '?+' '??, '? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???'?? ???? '??  ???'???. ?? ?''?, '? ?? ?'?? ? ?????+? ????+? '??? ?' ???? '??  ???' ????, ?'?, ?'?' ?'???, ?'? ?? ? ??. ?' ??, ??? +' ??'?'???? ' ??+?'? ? ?'?'? ?'??  ???? ? -? '??,  ?' ? ? ?' ??.

' ?+?' '?'???'? ?? ??''??? ??' (1973) ?'??? ?'??%? ???????? ??''?' ??? ???? ?? (? ' '????'??? +?' ??'?????): ', ?? ?'?', '(1) '? '? '???' ?'? ??? ???? (2) '? ??'?? ???'???? '? ?' ?'? ???'???? ???' ???? ' ??? ???'???? ???' ????-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 107

'. ?'??? ?'?? ?, ?' +' '?'?, '?, ??'?'??? ??+?' ?'', '? -? '?+' '??, ? ?? ??'?? +' ???? '??  ''????' ???'???, ?? ? ???? '??  '??? ' '?'??'?????' ???'???, '.. ?' ??' +' ??????? ???? ??'? ? '? ??? '???'???? ??' ???' ?'' ?' '??? ?'.

' ??'??%? ?'??? ??' '??, '?, ????? '?? '?, ?? '??%?'??'? ?+??? ??+'??'. ?+? ''??' ???'???? ???' ???? ???? ??''? ???? ?' ?-'+? %. ?'? ??? ??' ??'??? ??'???? ???'??? ?' ?????, ??, ??'??? '?'?, ?' ?'??? ?'?'?? ?'?'? '??, '? ??'?? ??' ?? ?? ?+??, ?? ??+?''??? ? ?'? ?'?, ? '? '?+' ??'??'?, ?? ?? ??'?? ???'???. ???', ??'? '?? ???'????, ?'???? ????? ?, ? '???? X ?', ?'?' ?'???, ??'' '?? '??, '? X Y ?'??'?? '???, ??'??? ?''??? ?? ? ??'??' ?'????? ?? '???'. ???'???, '?' ??, '????'? ? ??' +''? ? ????'? ???'????, ? ???? ????' ???'????'.

- +?' ?'??? ??+?'?? '????'?, ?'???? ?'?' ???' ?+?'' ?'???, ?'? '???? ?? ? ????? ?'??? '?? ?'?? ??'''? ''???'??? ??'? ? ?? ''+?' ?', ?? ?'?' ?+?''??? '??'? '??'?. ' ? ??, ?' ??''???? ?+?' '??? ????' (1969) ?'?? ' ?''??, ??+'???' ? ??? ''??' ????' ('Brainstorms', 1978), ???'?? ?'? ??'?? ??'???: ????'??'? ?'''', '??', ??'?? ??'??, ??'????? +?'?? ''???'? ????? ?' ??'??? '??' ???' ?' ''???' ??, ???%??? '??'?'??'? ??????? ??+'?? ?? ? ????' 8. ?'?? ?'??' %. '?-?', ?'?? '?? '?'? '?' '??', ? ?? ?' ?? ?+'?' ??'???; , ?-'??', ??, ??? ???, ?+?' ??? ?''??' ???'? ?' ???? ?????, ?'?'?, +?'?, ???? ?' '? ?+???, '? ? ??'??? ?'?? ??'? ?'? ??' ? '? '??. ?' '???' +?? ???'??? '??? ? ?? ??' ?+% ?'.

'??' ??' ??? ?+?'? '??? ????' ? ?'?? ? '??, '? ?' ? ?'?' ?''? ' ?'?, '???', '?'?'?', '????',  '+?'?', ?'??'??'?. '?? ?????, ?? ????''?' ??'?+'? ' ?'? ? ??'?+'?? ?'? '?' '?? '? ??' ', '? +?' ?????, ?? ?'??? '?'??' '?? '?? ?'??' ?'??'. ? ??%?'?' ? ?+?' ? ??? '?', ? ?+?' ? ??? '?'??'. (??'??'? ?'?? ?' ? '?  ???, '? ?'??'? '?.) ??'??'? ?+??? ? ??%?'?' '?? ?+?', '?'?'?', '???', ?'? '?-'? ?'? ???'?'??? ??' ?'?: '????'?? ???? ?? ??' ?'?-

108 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

? ??? ?'?'?'. ???'??? ???? ? '??, ???? ' ?'?? ?'??''? ?'?'?, ??? ' +?'? ? ???'???? ?? ' ? ???'???? ???' ????, ?'?'?? ?''?. '??? ??+'? ???'?' '??, '' ?+???'' ?, ?'??' ?' ???? ? '??' ?' '?, ?'' ?' ?????, ?'??'?? ?'??'? ?+?'?, ?' ???' ? ''? ?+???'? ?, ?'??' ?' ???? ? '' ?? '? ?+?''. '??' ? ?'?' '-'?, ? ?+?%'?? ??? ?'??, ?? ???'? ?'?' ??????'? ?+????? '?'??'? '? '???? ??''???? ?'???' ?? '??'? ??' ?' ?' '?'?? ? ?'??, '? ??%?'??' ??'??' ??''??' '???', ?'??' '??'?'?? ?? ??? ?''? '?'?'? ??'??'??''. ?+???'' ?, ?'??' ?' ???? ? '?? ?' '??' ??'?? ?? ? '??'??, ?' ?'??'?? '?'???'??'?'. ' ?? ??'?? ?'????? ?' ???? ? '?? '??, ?, ????, ?????, ? ?'??' ??' ????. ('? ?'? ?'? '?, '? '? '?', ?'?', ????'?? ?''? '..)

-'? ???+?? ?'? ??'??' ????? ''?. ?? ???'????, ???' '?? ?'?, ?'??'?? ?'? ??'????'??'?; ?? ? ??'?' ? ?-'+? ????. ???'??? ????? ? ???' +''? '?? ???'?????. '??' ? ???' ?'?' ??.

'???'?, ?'' ??, ?' ?'? ??'? ??'? ???', ??%? ??''. ?'? ?'?? ?'? ??? ?'?'?? '?? ?+?'??, ?' ?? ??' +', ????'??? ? ?? ??%?? ?'???? ??'?'????? ?'????, ??'?, ?? ?'???', ?', ????, ??'? ??' ? ??-'? ??'???? +?', ??? '?'?? ?'?? +''? +' ?'?'? ???. ' ?? ?' ' ??' +' ??'? ?? ???' ? ???? ??? ???'?? ?' ??? ??%??, '? ? ?'??'' ?'?? ???'?? '???????' ????'???. (, ?? ??'????'? ''?? ???? ????? ?????, ? ??? ??'?, '? ?' ? '?? ''??, '? ???? ??'??'? ?', '? ??'?? ? ??'???? ?????'.) ??? ???'??? ??'?' ??? ???? ?'?'? ?'??, '?  ??'??% ? ? ???' ??'?, ?' ?+? ??? ? ??'???? ? ??'?.

' ???? ???? ?+?'?? ?' ???' ? ?????'??? ???' ? ? '?' '??? ?'???? ' ???'??, ? ? ?'???'????'. ' ?'?? ?'? ???? ??????' '?, '? ?' ??? ?????? ??'???? ?'????, ?+'' ??'??'? '?? '? '?'?', ? '?? ?? ??'?'?. ?'??? '??'?, ?'?? ??'??? '?+?'???? ? ? '??, '?+' ?'? ?'????, ?'???? '?' ????'?', ?????, ', ???', ' ????'??', ?' '???'. ?? '' ?'??%? ?+%? '?: ''?? ??'? ??' +''? ?'?'? ?'???? ? ?'?? ' ????????, '? '? ?? ?'?? ??+?'?, ?'?'?

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 109

'? ?+?????? ??'? ??+??'? '? ???? '?'?'? ', +?'? ?? ?' ???? '?? ?'?'?? ???'????'. ' ???? ?'? +''? +' ????'?? ?'' ?'?, '? ??? '? ?' ??'''????'' ???? '??, ?' '?'?? ?' ? ??'? ?' '??' ?'?? ? '' ?' '? '???' ''?' ?'? ?? ???+??' ??%???'?, ? ?'?, ???''??% ??? '??, ' ?+? ??'?' 9. (??? ???? ?'??? ???? ???'? ? ?'?' ????, ? '? '?? ?''?, '? ? '? ???'??' ?'?? ?'? ????'?'?? '?, ? ?'?? +''? ?'??, '?+' ''?.)

?? '??' ''??' ????' ?+'?' ????, '+'?-???', ?'??'-''??'????' '?, '? ?'?''. ' ???, ?????%? '??+'?' ?''?? ?' ?'? ???? ?'??? ? ???, ?' ?? ??''?' '? ?+%?'? ??'??. ???+?? ?'?, ?? '' ??' ??' '???, ??'?'???% '?? ???', ?'?? ?'???? ?????? ???' '?' ?'?'' ? '?? ?????, '? ?? ??''?? ?'?, '? ??'??' ?''' '??'????' ?', ???? +'??? ?'??? ?+?'??''??'? ??? ???', ??? ????? +??????'?, ? ??' ??''? ?' ???? ? '??, '? '?+?'?? '? ?????? ??'???? ?' 10. ??? ?? ? ??' ??' '??, '?+' ?+??? ??''?'? '? ' '?+?? ??'?? ???'??%?? ?' '?? (subpersons) ?' ?????'?, ?' ??'????? ???% ?+ ?'???? '??? ??+??, ?? '?'?? ? ??'?, '? ? ??'??%? ???? ?' ?' ???? ?'+???'?.

?'???? ??'? ????, ? ?'??'? ?'?'??'?? '??'; ????, ?? ??', '? ?? ? ?' ?????'??'? ?'? ???????? ' ?%?%?? +?', ?'??'? ? ?' ?'? ? ?? ??'? ????'???? ?''''. ? ?''' ? ???? ????+??' ?+?'''??'. ?'?? '?'?? ??? ???+????'?. ? ? ? ?'', ?? ? ??'' ?+? ?'??, '? '?+? '??, ?+'?? ??'???? ?? ?? ??'?? ????, '?-'? ?+??'. ??'??' ' '???, ?'?' ??, ? ??' ??? ??' '??'??? ??'?. '' ??-'? ??'?', ?' ?' ??, ?' ? ??? ?'?, '? ? ??%?'?' '?? %, ?'?'?' ' (?+?) +?'?. ?? ?' ?, '? ?'? ? ????' ?+ ' ?'??', ?'??'?, ?' ?'?, ?+'' ?'?'? ' +?'?; ?''? +''?, ?? ? ?'??'?? ?'??? ?'????'????'? '??'?? ???'??. '???? ? ?'?'?, ?? ? ?'?', '? '??'?? ?'?, ???? ?'??' '? ?? ? ???? ??'??'. ? ?'?' ?? '??, '? ??'?? '??+''?, ?'??' ??'??'???' ?? ??, ? ?'? ???' ??''? ????'. ?? ?'?, ?'?' ??, ? ?+'' ?+? ?'? ?'??'?. '? ? '? ??'?'???? ?''?? ??+?' %?'.

?? ??? ?+?'??? ?'????. '? ?'?? ?' ? ??'??'

110 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

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

??, ?? ? % ??'?? ?'?, ?'??'? ?'' '??'????'. ?? ?'? ?? ???' ?????? '???, ????? ?+????'?, ??? +?' ??? ???' '?? ?'? '?'??' ?'??'? ?'??? +?' ?? '???, ' ?+????'? ' '+?' ??'' ''', ?? ????+???'?, ??'??? ?', ?'? ??''? '? ?'?'? ??''???. ? ?? ? % ??', '? ?? '?'?? ???' '?'?'? ??' '?? ??'?', '? ?? ???' ?'??'? ???'??? ???'? ????%? ??', ?'? ?'? '?'??' ? ?'?' ?????? ??'?, ????''?? ? ?+?' ? '?, ?+?? ? ?? ?'?'??. ??? '?? ?? ?'???'?? ?'?' ' ?'?'? ?''?? ?'?, ?'??'?, ? ? ??'??, ' '??'?' ?'????? ''?+?? ?'???? '?? ? ??? ??? ' ? ?'', ??'?%??, '? '? '??? '?? ?'?' ??'???? ?'???? ??'????? ?'??'? ???. ?''?? ?'? ?'''?? ?' ??'???? ?'? ? ?'?????: ?-?', ?? ?'??'?? ?'? ?'?'? ?+? ? '??? ???, '? ??'???? ?'? ? ???' ? ??-'? ???'??? '??, , ?-'??', ?''??? ?' '?? ??''?? ???'? ?' '?+?? ???'??? ? ???''. '-'? '? ??%?'?' %? ?+, ??%?, '? '?-'? ?' ? ?'???? ???'?, '? ? '? ??? ??'???? ?'?' ?'?? '?' ?? '?? ' ??? '??. ?? ?'?? ?? ?''?? ?'? '??? ???'? ??????'? '??, '? ?' '??+% +??'?'?? ? ????+?' '? ?'???? ???'? ???'.

-'? ?' '? +?' ?+% ?'?', '? '??? ??' +' +''?, ??'??? ?? ?????'? ?? ?'???, ????????, ? +?? ? ?'?? ?'????. ?' ??' +' ?'??'? ? '???? ?' ?' ??? ????? ???' '???? ?' ??' ??+?''? +?'?-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 111

?? ?? ???????? ''???', ?' ?  ?? ??' +' ?'??? '????. '? ?'?? ? ??' +''?, ?'??? '''?? ?+????'? ? ???%?? ????', ?'??'? ?'??'?? ? ???? '?? ????' '? ?'???? ?' ?'?, '? '??? ? ??' +''? ''????' ? ?'?? ? ??''???'? ?'??? ?'????'.

'?' ???? ?+?' ?'??? '??, ?'? ?'???' (1981) '' % ??? '?' '', '? ?? ? ???'? ?'?' ??'???? ??'??'??, ?? '''?? ?'??'? ''???'? '?? ', '?+' ?????? ? '??  ?? ?'?' ?' ??'', ??'??'?? ? ?''??. ' ?'???? '? ?? ???, ?  ??+?? '??, ?? ??' ? ?????? ?'???. ???? ' +??'?'?? ?'??? ?? ?+?'?'? ??+?'?'?. ????? - ???'? ?'?? ?'?? ''???'', ?'?' ??, '???' ?''?, '? ?' ??? '+??, '+? +''? ?'?'??, ????? ??'???? '?? '?????' ' '???''?'?' ?'????', '+? ?'? '?'?'???'? ?'?'?', ?'??'? ??' +''? ' ?'' ???+?, '?'??%? +?'????' ??????' ????? '? ?'?%?? reductio ad absurdum, ' ?'' ???, ? '?' ??? ??'??'? ??'?????. ?''?? ?'? ?'?'???'? ?'?'? ?' ?'? '' ?+; ???? ?? ?? ?'??? ?'?? ???' ??? ??+'? ?? '??, ?'??? ?'????, ?? ?'', ??? '????' ?+ ?'??'' ?+?'??? ??+?'???'.

''???? ?''??, ?'???? ??+??? '???''?', ?'?'?? ?'??? ?? ''?? ????'??. ?'??? ???'?' '???? ??? ?? ''?? ???'????'??. '?' ???'? ?+'''???, ?' ?'?' ??, ?' '? ??'??'? ?'?? '? ?'???? ?-'+? ''? ?'?'?? ? ???'??? ??'???'?'. ???'??? ?'?' ?'??, ?' +?? ?''? ''? '?, '? ?+'?? ''???'', ? '?'?? ''???'', ?'?' '????'??', ??'???''?? ''?. ?+? ???' ??'??' ???'??' ' ??''? ??? ??' +''? ?'? ???'??'?. ???'??? ??'?? '????'?' '''' ' , ?'? ??+?'??-?+?'?' ?'?'.

??+??? ?+'?, '? ???'??? ??'???'? ? ?'?'?? '? ?'??? +??'?'?'? ???'?. '?? ?'??'?? ??', ?' ?' ??, ?' ???' ? ??? ??''?? ? ??, ?'??? ?' ?? ??''? ? ?? ?+ ?' ?'?? ??, ?? ????'?? ?? ????'. ?'? ?'? ? ??' ? ? ???? +'? ???'??? '???, '? ?? ?? ?'' '??? '?'?'??? ????? ?'?'????? ?'?'? ?'??'??'?, ??+??? '???, '? ??' '???? ''???''' , ?'???', ???? '?' ?''???, ?'' ??, ?' '?'?? ?'??; ?? ?' ??' '+?'? ?? ???'? ????' ???? ???'????' ?'?'???'? ?'?'???. ?' ???' ????'??, ? '? ?'? ????' ??'. -??, ?? ?'??, ?? ????' '??? ?+?'??? ??; ?? ?'?''? ???' ?''? ?? ?-

112 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'? ?? ???', ??? ?? ???? ??' ?'?'? ? '?, ? +??' ?? ?'?''? ?' '??? '  ?? ?'?''? ???' ??'? ?? '??, ?? '?, ?'?''? ?' '?, ??' ?'? ?' ?? '???. (??' ? '???'?? ????'.)

% '??' ?''' ?'?' +''? ???' ?. '?-?', ???'????'? ?? ? ?'?'?? '??? ' ??? ? ????? ? ???'????'?? ? ??. ????' ???'????' ??' ????'?? ????. '?-'??', ?'? ? ?'?? ?'?'?, '? ???? ???'? ???' ?? ?' ?'? ??'?? ??????'? ??'???? ?'???? '?? ('? ???, ?'???? ?'??? ??'' ''??), ?' ??? ? ?'?' ' ?'?'?, '? '???? ?????' (makes up) ??'. ?' ?? ??? ?''??, '? ??, ? ? ????, ?'? +''? ?'??%?: '???? ?? ????'?? ??????' ???? ??'. -?? ?? ' ?'????? ''?, ?'??'?, ???, ??'??? ??'?' +', '? ?'? ? % ??? ?-?'??.

?' ? ??? ?'?'? ???'?? '?''? ??? ?????? ?'???, ?? ?'? ?+' ????'?, ?'??' ? ??'??' ??'?' ???'?? ?' ?, ?'? ? ?'??? '??? '?'??' ?'?' +' ????. ????'?? '?? ?? ????': ? ?''? ??'? ????? ???'????'? ? '??? ??'??. ?' ?' ?+?'???, ???' ??, '????, ?'??' '??' ???'' '? ?'?' ???'??'? ???'?', ?' ?+????, '? ?? ?'??'?? '???'?? ??', ?+'?%? ??'??'? ??'???'?: ?? ?'??'?? '??'????''??? ?'''?'?, '?? ??'?''??'?, ??'?%? '????'??? ???''?'. ???? ?' ?'? ?' ?'??' ??'???'?? '?''?? ?'?'' ?' +', '? '? ????+?? ?' ???? ?'?'? '???, ?'??? '???''?'?'' ???. ? ?'? ?'??? ?'???? ??? ?'', '? ? ?'? ? ?' ??'?', ?' ?' ?? ? ???''?' ??'????? ??????, ?????'????? ???. ??'??? ?????? ?'?'?? '???' ???? ??????? ???. (? '??? ?'?? ?'?' '?  ???.) ?? ?' ???? ??-'? ???'?'? ?? ?' ?????? ??, ???'' ??, '?'?? ?'???, '? ?? ?'?'?? ???'??? ??'?'?, ?'? ?? ??''?? ? ???'???? ??'???' ???', ??? ???, ??'??? ??'?'' ???'? ?'?? ??. ? ?+???, ?? ????? ???' ? '??, '? ?''? '?'?'??'? ????''??'? ?''''??', '' ????'? ?? ???' ?????? ??.

'?'?'??'?' ? ??' ?? '?-'? ?? '??'? ???'?'. '??? '??????? ???? ? ?'?' ?'?? ? '??, '? ?? ???' ???'????' ?'?'?? '??????'?%?, +?? '?? ???? ?'? ??? ??''?? ? '???? ??'?, ??? +''. (????-'? ?'? ????' ?'??? '???.) ? ??' ' ?'?, '? ? ??-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 113

?? ?? ??? ?' ?? ? ??, ???? ? ???'?' '??? ??'?,  ?' ?? ???? ? '??, ? '? ?? ???'??? ?'?, +??' ???'??? ??? ?' ??? ? ???? ??'?? ??'?? '? '??? '?? ?': ? ??%?'?' '??'????? ????' ???'??' ???, ?'??' ? ?? ??'?'?', ? ???'?' '??? ??'?'.

?'?? ?' ? ?'?', ???, '?'?, '? '? ?'? ???'? ?' ?' ?'?'??' ?'?'?? ?'???''??'?'. '??? ??? ?'??? ? ??'' ?'???'?, '? '?'?'???'? ?'?'?' ???????''?. ?? ??'?' ? ''??'?? ????', ?'??'? '????'??' ?'??%? ?+???: '' '? ?'?'?' ? ??' ?'? ??'?' ?'? ?? '+''? ?'?' '??'?, '? ?'; ?'? ??', '? ????? ?' ? ??%?'?' ?'? ?? '?'?'?' ' '?'?''?' '?-'?, ? ???? ?'????', '???'? ???'' (' '??'? ??''??' ?+?''), ? ????'. ?'?? ''' '? ?'?', ?'?' ??, '? '? ?? ? ?'?'?% ??%?'?, ?? '?? ?'??'. ? ?'?' '? ?? ?'??' '??''??? ????+??'?'.

-'?' ?'?''??? ?????'??'? ?'?'? ? ??''?' ? ?? ?????? '??, '? ?'??? ? '', '?+' ? ?'' ?'?'?'??. ?' ?'??? '???''? ?'?'?, ?'?' ??, '?'?? ?' ?' ?'??'??? '? ?'??? ?'?'?, ??'???? ?'???? '??? ', ? ???? ??, ??'??? ???'??? ?+'? ??. ? ?+???, ?' '???' ?''? '?, '? ' ???'?, ''??? ??'?' ' ????' ? ?? ????' ?' ???? ????' ???'???' ???'?'', ?' ?'??' ?' ??'? '???? ?'' ?' ?'???, ??% ???' '??, ?'?' +''? ??????? ?+?'?'?. ???'???, ?'?, ? ?'? '?, ??''?'??, '? ?''?? ?'? %%' ?' ?'?'?, '?, '?' ?'???, ?? ??' ? ?'???? ?? ?'??? '.

?? ? ?? ???' ??? ?'??? '? ''???'?, ??%?? +'? ?'??? ?'?'? '?  ??? ?'??% '?''?? ?'?'. ?'???, ? ??', ??'??' ?'?'???'? ?'?'? '???? ??'?, '? ?'???? ?+??? ?'?' ?'???'??, ? '. ??? ?'?'???'? ?'?'? % ??? ? ?'???? ???? ''???' ??, ?'??'? ?'?'?? ?? ??' ?'' ??''? ??? ?+? ?'?? ???'????' ?' ???'????', ? ?'???? ? ?'?' '?? ?''? ??'??' ''??' ?'??? ?' ?? '???' ??? +'??? ????? ????'???? ????? ?'?.

?? 1968 . ?..? ??'?' ??? ?'?'?? '?'???'? ??', ?? ?'?'' ??'? ???+????' ??+???' ?? ?''?: ?-?', ? ?'?'?? ??? ?'? ???? ?'???? ????? ?' , ?-'??', ?? ?'??'??, ?' +' ?? +'' ?''???, ?

114 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?''?? ??? ?+?????? ?????? ??????. '? ? ?? ?'???? ??? ??? ?+?' ? ''???' ?? ?' ??? +'' +' ??''. ?, ?' +' '??' ?' ?+?', ???'' ? ?'????'????? ??+?? ?' ?? ??'?'?? ?'?''? ??'?'?? ?+??????. ?' ?' ?'? ?'?, ?????'?? ?'?''?, '? ??'''??? '?' ??', ?, ? ??''??, ?? ?' ??? ?, ?? ?'?' ?+?''???, ????' ?' '??', ? ''???', ??'? ' ???'? ('?+'??' '??????' ??'' '? ''???'?). ?'???'? ?? ?'????' '?'?? ' '?? ????', ???? ? ??????' ???'???? ??'?? '?? ??'?.

' ?? ?'' ? ?'?' ???'?'? ???? ''???'' ?' ????+??'? ??'???, ??'??? ?'?'? ?'??', ?'?'? ?'??' ???' ?'?'? '?? ?'?, '? ?' ??? ??????', '? ? ??? ?+% ???. ?? %, ? ? ? ??'??'?? '??? ???'???'? '?? ' ??? ???????'????? ??' (?' ??'' +'' ???' '' '' ''???''), '  ?? ???'?? ? ' ??'??% ??+?' ?'?? ?+'?', ????? ( ? ???) '??? ?'?????' ' ''??? ?'????'????' ??'' ??+?'?'??? ?' ???. ???'? ?'??'?? ?'??? ??'??'????'?? ?? ???. ???, ?' ', ?? '?'?' ??' '?+?? '???' ??+?'?. ?'??? ? '?? ?'?????', ???'???', ??'?' ??'????? ??'? ? +???? ?'??' ??'?, ?'??'?? ?'?'?  ?+?'?'? ????'? ?' ??'?, ?'?' ?'?. ''? ??+?'?', ???', ?'?, '? ? ??'? ??? ??'?? ? ?' ??'???? ???'???'?, ?' ?'? ? ??? ?'????' ?''? ?'? ? '?, '? ' ????'. ?+?'?'' ?'???' ??'??? ????? '? ? ?'???? ?? ?'??%? ??'? ?'??, ???? '? ???'???'? ?'' ? ??'??' ?'??% ??' '??'?? ??? ?'????' ??''? ? ? ? ??'? ?'? ?' ??'; '??? '  ? ?' ??'??' ??' ?' ??' +' +''? ?'?'? ??''? ? '?, '? ?-'? ???'?? '??? '?' ? -'? ???'?' ?. '??? ? '???? ?-?'' ???????'?' ?'?' '?, ??+?' ?'?' ?'??? ??'??????' ??? '+?? ?'? ('?+', ????, ?' ? '' '?? ?? ?'?, ? ? '?+?? ??' ?+?''??? ?+' +???) ?'? ?????' +?????? '??, ?''?%? ????' ???'???'. ?+?'?'? '??, ? ??', +'' ??+?'?' ? '???? ?'??? ?'?'??? ?%?????', ?'? ???, ?'?' ??'??', '????? ?'? ?' ?'?'?' ??? ???'???'? ?'??''?? ?? ? '?''??', ? '?'?''??' ???. (???+?? '???, ? ??'?' ????'? '???, ' ?'? ????' ?' ? ?????.) '?? ??'?'' ??'?? ? '??? ?, '??? ???'? ?-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 115

??? ' '??? ???????, '?+' ??'? ???' ???? ?'' ?' ?' ???? 12.

?'?' ?''??'? ?+?? ??+??? ''?'??', ?', ???, ????'???? ?? ??? ? ?? '???, ?'??' ?'???'?? ?'??' ?''? ??'? ???????. -'? ??, ?????? ' ?', ??'?' ? ??'???? '??? ?'?'?. ??'??' ? ?-'? +'' '??? ???' ? ??'?? ?????. '?'? ????'?'? ??'?? ?'?? ?+??? ?''? ? ?? ??? ''?? ?'? ????, ?''??'? '??' ???' ???' (1970) ????'? ? '?? ????''?? '?? ??? ???. ??? ??-? ??+'?. ?? ?'?' ???, ?? ?'?' ??-'+? ??????'? ????? ??'?? ???'???'? '? ?+?????? ?' ?' ??'??'????'? ??+??????? ???, ??'??? ?'?????, ?'? ? ??%?'?' ??, ?'???'??'? ?'? ????, ?+?%??? ?'???''??'? ???'???'??; ?? ?'?'  ??%?'?? '?? % '?+?????' ?'??? ??'?' ?'?? ?'?. ? '?  ??? ?? ?'''?? ????''? ??? ''???'? ?? ? ??'''???? ????? ?' ???'? ??-'+? '??? ???????, ??'??? ?'???? (? ???? ?'?' ? ??'???' ???' ?') ??? ??' ?'?'?? '??? ??+??? ??'??.

'?' '??, ?? ??? ??'? ?'???'?? ?'??, ' ???'? ?' ??? ?' ?? +'' ?'??? ?+???'? ?' '???' ??'???. '?? ?+?%?? ??????? '? ?? ????? ???'?, ??'? ' ?'?? ??, ?' ?' ?? ?'' ????, ?' ?'?' ????'''. -' '???' ??'???, ???' ??, '????' ???'? ?? ??????'? ???'. ???'??? ? ?'?'? +' ?'''? ??? ?' ????, ? ?'?? ??'?, '? ?''? ???? ?' ?+'?'?. ? ? ????? +??????'?, ?'?? ??'??'? '? ?''?? ?? ?' ?????''? ??? ?'? ???? ?????. ?? ? ????, ??%?'?' '? ??'???, ?'? ?? ? ?'?'?? ??'??? '???. ? '? ? ??' +''? ???????' ?'???.

??? ? ??? ?'' ? ?+' ?'?' ?'', ?'? ?? +'' ?'?' ???'? +?' ???'?' '?' ??? ?'???''??? ????'???? ?? ???' ??'??. ??? ?'?', '? ????? ?? ???%?''?'?? ?'? ??'??? ??????. ?' +' ???? +''? ?'?, '? ?'?? ?'? ?'? ??' ?' ??, '? ?'? ?''? +', ?'' ??, '? ??? ??+'?? ', ? ???? ?? ?' ?' ????'? ? ?'? ? '??, '? ?? '' ????'???, ? ??''???? '???, ?' ' '??? ??' ??'?.

'?' +?' ??''??? ?????'?? ? ' ''???'?, ?'??' ??'?? '?? ?, ?' ??? '?? ??' ???+? 13. ? ?' ? ?' ?'?', ?' ''?? ?' ?+ ???

116 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

??+'????? ? ??? ?''? ? ''???' ?'?', ?''???? ??? ???? ''?''??' ??????' (BJPS, 1963?' 1964, ????'?? ??+'??' 1976 . ?). ' '?? ? +'' ???? ?'?' +?' ???????'???'? ??' ?????? ''?-?'???. ??+??? ????'? ?'?? '???????'???'?'. ''?? ?'?'' ??'? ??? ? '?, '?+' ?'? ?'' ? ??' ?' '????' ''??'??? ?' ???, ?'??? ?+'?? ??'' ???? ? ?'?????, ' ??'?. ''?? ??', '? ??? ?? +?' ??'????' '?'?? ? ?'?', '? '??? ?'?' ?'+??''? ??? , '?'?? ?'??' ??'??% ? ?+'???. ?? ??'???, ? '??? ?'??? ??'??? ''?? ??' '??, '?  ???????'???'? ''??'??? ? ?'??. '' ?? ?' ?'??? ? ???? ? ??'??? ??????', ?' '?? ?+%? '? ?? '' ?+?' '????' ?'' ?' '???% ?????'?'' (1975?). ? ?'? ? ?+'????? '???'??'??' ??? ?? ??'?' ? '??'?''?? ?????' '' ?'?'???? ??? ??. ? '?'?? ?'??, ?'?' ??, ?' ?'???? '?' '', '? ??' ?'? ??????' ???'??' ?'?, ????, ??' ??????, '?' ?? ?'? ? - ??? ??'???? ?'+??' ' ??'?'' '?? ?? ?'????' ?+%?'. ?? ??+??? ??'?'? '. ?' +' ?' ??', '?, ??'?? ', ?? ??'??' ????'???, ?' ?'?' +'' +' '?'?, '? ?? ?? ????'??. ''' ??'??' ??, ' ''??', ? ''???, ?'?' ?????'? ? ?''??' ?'', '??'???' ??'?''?? ?????'. ? '?'?? '? ''???' ???, ??????? ????'???, ?'?' ??, ?'+??''? ??????, ?'??? ??'?' ''? '??''??', ????', ??'??'??%' ???? '?'?? ?'???, '? ??'?? '?'?' '''', ?'??', ??''?'??, ??'??' ???, '%? ???? ?'?? ?????', ??'??' ?????'? ????. ???', '?'?'??? ???' ?????' ??+??? ????'?? %%'? ?' ''??'?, ? ??? ???'' +''? '??'???'?. ? ???? ?'? '?'?? ???'' '? %'' ?'?? ?? ? ???%?? ????''??' ?', ' '?'?? ???'' '? ??'???? ??'?, ?'??' ??' ??'??'? % +?' '??'???'? ?+??? ?' %'?' ?''. ??????'? ?'??? ???' ??'?? ? '???, ???'?? ?? ???' %''? ??? ??' ? '? ??'??'? ???' ?'' '? ??' ????. ? ?'?''? ??' ''?? ?+?' '?'??'?? ???' ??'?''?? ?????', ?' ??+'????? ?+??? '??' ???' ????? ???', ?? ?'? ??'??? ???'? ?????'? ????. ??? ? ?'???'??. ?+? ?? ???', '? '?'? ??? ??' ????'???'. ?? ?'? ????' ? - ??'??? ? ??'? ?+'???. '???'??, ?'??? '? ??

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 117

??' ? ?'?' , ??+?? ??? ???? ''???'? ??, ??'????? ?' ? ??+?? ?'?'??? '? ?' '??? ??, ''?? ?'?'? ?'? ??? ?' ?+'???. '?' ??'? (' ?'?') ?' ?'??? ???'?, ?' ?' ''??, ?' ?? ?'''?? ?'?+'?'??? ?+'???'. '?'????? ? ??+'???, ?? ''?' ? ??'?, ??' ' +?' ?+? ? ??''. ?' '? ????' ? ??????, ' ?'? ? ???'??' ??' ?+'???, ??'? '???, +?' '??'????? ?????'. ???? '??, ? ????? ??' ?''? ??'??? '??'???. -'? ???'?? ?????+???' '? ??' ????, ??+'''? ????''??' ?'', ??%'? ???'??' ''' ?'??% ???? %'' ??? ?'?'???? ??. -'? ??', '? '?'?? ???'' ?'?'' ??? ???? ?'?, ??' ? ?? ?'?''? ?'? ??? ??'?''???? ?????'. ???, ?+'?' ''??, ?' ? ??? +''? +??'?'?? ????'? '??, '? ?'? ''???' ? ?'?? '?? ????'??'? ?'?? ?' ?'? +''?, ?' ???'??'??? ?''??? ?????, ?'? ?????? '?? ?'?'???? ?'+??.

''?? ??'' ??? '?????? '? (????'??) '? ?' ? ? '. ?'????? ?? ???+??? ????? ? ?'?'? ???''. ' ?? ?? ???? ???+? ???? ' ???'?, '? ?? ? ??'??, ? ? ?'?' +'?? (' ??-) ????. ??? ?+?' '? +''? ????? ????'??' (1963) ?? + ?'+?? ?'?', '? ? '?+% ??????' ?' ??? ?'???? ??? ''???'-' '? '?? 14. ? ??? '??' ?' +?'??? ?'? ???? ? ??? ?''??? ??+'?? ? '?'???'? ?+?'' (1981) ?' ???' ???+?? ????? ??'? ''???' ??, ?'????? ?'?''? ?'????? '? ?'?+'?'??? '' ????? ????. ?? ?'?'' ??: ?? ?'? ??' ?'? ' ??'????''? ?? ??''? ??' ?????? ? '??, '? ?? ?'?? +'??? ??? ????' ??'???? ??. '? ?? ??'' ? ???????'??; ?'?' ? ?' ??????'? '??, '? ??' ?? ?+'??? ???' ?'??? ??+??'?, ??? ?' ??????'? ?'?'??, ?' ?' ?'???? '? +?'?? ??'??? ??? ' ??'??? ???? ??'??' ??'. ? ?? '?? ' ???' +''? ??+??'?, ?'? ? ??'????''?'??? '? ??? ?'? ??????. ????' ??''?, ????? ??'' ???+?, ?? ????' ?? '..?''? '? ??+?'. ?? ??'', ?'?' ??, ? ?? ????%?'?' ????'? ??' ?'; ?'?????'? '?'? ???, '?'?'? '???'??'' '?', '?'??'?' ?+%???''?, ??' ??'??, ??'?'??% ?????? ??????. ??'??? ?? ?' ??'? ?'?, ? ???? ??+?-?? ? ????? ?' ?''?? '??'?????.

118 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

 ' ?'?? ?''??'? '?, '? ???? ???+? ??''' ???'?'?%? ??? ', ???? ?'?, ??-'+'???? ''???' ?? ? ????? ???'???'??'? '??. ???? ???+?, ???', ' ? ??+?' ????? ??'? ?' ?' ?? ??-'? ?? +???' '?? ? ? ??? ?+?''. ?'?? ?'?? ???? ???? ??'?' ? ?+?' '???' ?'??'???? ?????' ('Against Method', 1975), ???'??? ????? ?'?''? ???? '??? ???'??-???'?' ''???. ' +?' ??? ?+?' '?? ??+???? ?+%?'' (1978) ?? ?' ?? ', ??????? +?????? '??' ?''?' ??? ?'?. ' ?''?, ??'?'???? ? '? '???? '?? ? '?'???'? ?+?'' ?''???? '??'??? ???'': ??'??' ?+'??? ?+ ? ''???' ??', ?? ?+??' ?' ??' %'? '???'??? ?'?'?'.

? ??? ?'??' ?????? ?' ?? ?+?'?? '????? ??'??'? '?+' ?'? ??, ?' ?'? ?'?? ?'?'??? ??' ?' ???? ?+'''??? ??????'? ? '??. ?'??? ????, ??? ?, ? '?-'? '''?? ????'?'? ??-'+? ????? ?' ?'?, ???' ?'???? ??+??? '? ????? ?? ?' ????? '? ???'' ('anything goes'), ??'??? ? ?, ???+?, ???, ?' ? ???? ?'? ?+?'??''??', ? ?'??' ???' ?'?? ?'? ? ?'?'?? ?'??? '+????. '...[?] ??%?'?' ?' ?' ??'? +' ????+?'? ??'??'?? ?+??????'? ??? ? '???, ?' ?'?' ?? ?+?' '???' ?'??'???? ?????', ?' ?'??? '? ' ?? ??? ? +''? +' ??????', ?'? ????' ? - ???''???? ??? ' ???''????', ?'??? '? ' ?????? '+??'?'?? ??+??' '? ?'? ???'. ???'??? -'? ??' ??? '?'? ???'?? ?'?, ??+'''? %%'? ?'' ad hoc, ?'', ??'??% ????? ?+??????'? ?+%????'? ?????''??'? ??'?''?' * '.. ?' ?? ??'' ? ???? '?' ??. ''??, ?'' ???+?, ? ??', ??' '???  '??, ?'? ?? ? ?'? ?'? ?'? ??'?. ?+? ''?? ? ?' ????' '???'??' ?????? '? ?? ?' ???? ??'?''???? ?????' ????. ?, '? ??''?'?? '???%??? ???????, ?? ??', ? ' ??' ?'??? ???????? ???????. ????'?? ''?? ?'', '? ???''??% ??+? ????, ? ? ??+?' ???' ??' ?? ??+?'? '???%??? ??????, +'????, +??'???, ??' '?'? ????? ????' ?????? '? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ????  ???+?, ?'? ? ??' ?''??? ???'??'?.

* ???+? ?. ???' ?'??'???? ????? // ' ?.: ?+???' '??' ? ?'??'? ??. ?., ??????, 1986. . 153-154.

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 119

? ???+? ?'? % +?' '?+? ?????? '? ???'?? ? '-'????, ???? ?'?? ??' ???+? ?+?' ?? ?''?' ?+? ?' ??'+'??' ''???'? ??. ''??, ?'?' ??, ???'? ??' ??'??? ? '??, '? ?? ?'? ?'??? ?'? ????? ?? ? ??'??. ???+?  ?'', '? ?? ?'' ?? '?'+'???'??'. ? ?? '???'?? ?'?'?'' ? ??' ???'? '?? '? ???, '? ?-'? ???'?? '??, +?? '? ???? ' '?+? ???, ?' '?? '??'' '?? ?'?, ?'? ?'?'?? ??'? ?+ ??. ?? ? ?'??, ? '?? ???'?' '??, '?+' ??'??'? ??'?'?, ?'??' ?''''?'' ??' '???' '? '??, ?''?' ?' ??+?'????'; ' ?' ???'??? ?? ? ? '?+'??'? ??? ?' '???? ??' ?'' ??'?'? ? ?' ''?'??'??? ??''. ???, ??' ??, ' ?'?', '? ? ??%?'?' '?? %, ???'? ?'?. ?? ? ?? ? ??'?''? '?, '? '??? ?'? ?'?'?? ?+???? ??'?, ?'??' ?? ?'?? ?'''?, ??%'?? ????? ?+?? ??+??' ??'?? '???'????''. ???+? ??' ?'?', '? '??'????? '?'?? ?' '?? ??'?' +?'?? ?+????'?, ?' ?? ? ??'??? ??????, ?'???, ??, ????? ?????? ??? '?? ? ???%? ? ?'?? ????? ??+'?. '? ?'?? ''???' ?? '??, '? '?' '? ???' ? ''???' ?? ?' '? ? ??+'??, ?'??' ? ??''??' ?'?? ? '? ??, ??? ?+?'???? ??? ?'??% ?'??? ??'. ?' ???+? ?? ?'??'?? ?' ??'-??''?. ???, ? ?? ?' ??? ??', ?'? ? '? ???''? '??, '? ?? ?'' '??.

% ??? ''???'?? ??, ?'????%??? ?'???, ?'?'?? ??? ??, ? ?'???? ?'? ??''?'?? ???'? ??. ?? ??? ''??'?? ????? '?' (1974) ?? ???' ' ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ?'???? ?+'??? ????'?? ?', ?'? ????+, +'??? ?'????? ????'? ???'???' ? ?''????' ?'??? ?+'??? ??' ???' ?'? ?' ????'?. ??? ?'??? ?+?' ??'?? ???'? ?'?, ?''??' ??+??? '? ?'? ??, ?'? ? ?? ?' ??? ???? ???-'+? ?'??. ' ?''??, ??+???' ?+??? ? ??? '?'? ????'?? ''???' ??' (1980), ?? ???' ? ?? ? ? '?'??? ???'????'?' ?+?'? ???, ???+? ?'??, ' ? ??'??'?? ???? % ???? '??, ?'??'? ?'' ?'?'???? '???? ???????? ''???' ?? 15. ???? '??, ? ?'? '? ?'? ( ??'?) ? +??? ???' '?? ?' ' , ?'??? ?'? ??'''??, ? ?, ?, ? ?'??? ?'??'??, ? ???, ?'? ?'?-'????. -'? ? ?''???: ?' ??'? ?? ?'' ???+????'?? ??'??''???? ''???'.

120 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

???' ?'?? ???' ?? ?'????? ?? ?' ? ??'''?? ' ?'?? ? ???? ?' ? '??, '? ?'??? ? ????' ??, ? ? ?'? ??'' '?'?? ? ? +?' ???? ?'?. ? '?' ??? ?? ?'??' ??'? ?'?, ??''? ?+ ????'???? ????? ?' (''? ?'???') ???????'??? '??? ?'?'. ?? ???+? ?? ?' ?????-???????? ???'? '??'??? '?????????' '?? ????? ??'?', '??? ''?, '? ? ?'?? '???'??? ?'?'? '???, ?'??' +?' ? ??''??''??? ???''?'??' ''? ?+'???'. ?? ??', ????, ?'?' ???'+?'? %'? ??, ?'?' ???? ??? ?? ???'?? ???' '? ', '? '' '+? ?'?''? ?'? ? ???, '+? ?'? +' ??'? ? ?''?? ?' ????? ?'? ????' '?, XVI XVII . ??' ???? %'?? ??'???? ??? ???? ? ??'???? ?'''?? ? ?'?, ? ?' ??' ???' '???? ?'??? ? '??, '? ??'??? ?? ????''?? ? ?, ? ? ???'???? ?''??'. ? ?'? ????? ??, ?? ???? ? ???'????' ?? ??'??' '? ????'? '??, '?, ? ? ???'????' ' ?'?', ???' '?? ? ???'?? +?' ???? ?'?? ? ????? ? '?+'? ??? '???? ??+???. ? ??'?'' ??' '?? ?'?'??? ?'?''?? ?'????? ??? '??? '?, ?'???? ??'? '? '????' ??.

-%'? ??, ?'?, ?'?', '? ???' '?? ??' ???+' ???%?' ? ??? ?????. ?? ??'' '? %'?? ??? '?? ????', ?'??'? '?', '? '???'???%?? ??' ? ??'? ??'??????' ????? ?' ???'?? ?'???? '???'. -'? ? ?+?'', ?'?' ??, ? ?? ???. ??? ??, ?'???? ??' +?'??? ?? ??????' ???'? ???, ???'?' '??, '? ? ??? ??' ?'??? ?+'??? ?'?' ??'??'??? '??'???% ??''??' ?''. ? '?'?'??' '', ? ?'??' ??''?'?? '?? ?? ????, ??? ?+??? ? ?'??'?? ?-'? '??'?'; ??' '??'???' ???''?' ? '???, ?'???? ?? ?'?' ?'????. ? ?'?' ?'??? ?? ?'?'?'? ?+?', ??'' ?? ? ?%?' ? ??? ??'???' ??'????? ?. (-' ????? ?'?'? ? ''??'??? ???????'' ? ??' ?+'??? ?'?'?? ?'?'???? ??????' ??????'? ?'?'?, ?????', ' ???, ?'? ?? '????'??'?? ? ? ?'?? '?? ? ? ?'?? ?? ?? ?+' ???, ???? ' ?????.)16

-'? '? ?'?? '???'???' ??''. ''??? ??+'? ??? ? '??'??? ??'??????'' ?' ???'?'??, ???'????'?? '.. '? ?'?'?? ?'????? ???? ?? ?'?' ???'? ??'???'? ? ?'? ?'?' ''?? ??+??'?'. ' ??'''????', ?-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 121

' ?'' ??, '?+? ?' ??'?? ' ? ????'??? ?? ????, ' ??' +''? ?????? +??%?.

?????, ?', ?'?'???, ???, '? ?? ??'''??? ????'?? ?????. ???' '?, ?? ?'?, ? ????? ? ''???'? ?+%?'??, ??'??' ?? ??+?? ?'?'??''''. -'?, ? ???? ??, ?'?'?? ??'????''???? ?????; ?? ???''?' ?? +?'??? ??'??'? +'??? ???? ?'?? ??'???? '???. ??????, ?+'?' ??, ' '??? ?'? '' ??+?? ???' ??????????' ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????'? ??'??%? ??'?', ??  '? ?? ???'?? '?, '? ?''' '?? '???' ?'???? ?' ???'???'??'?, ' ??????. ? ??%?'?' '??? ??? '????? ??'?'????? ?'?'. ?? ??', '? ?+ ???? ?????? '?? ? '?+?? ?' ?'? ?'?? ?'?, '? ?? ???? ?'?? ?'??? ?????'???? ??'?''. ???'???, ? ''???'' ?+?%?'?? ??, ?? ?+?%?'?? ?+%? '???? ? ??, ????'???, ?? ???? ?? ?'? ?? ?+?' ??+??????' ???? ?? ??' ??? ?? ??+?'??. ??  ?? ?+?%?'?? ???', ?? ?+?%?'?? '?, ? ?? ?+?' ?'??.

?? ? ?'' ?+? ?'?? ??'??? ? ?'' ?+? '?'??. ' ??? ?+?' '???' ?????? ?? ?'?? ??' (1973) ?? ?? ?'?' ' ?? ?''-?'???, ?'??' ?'??' '? ?' ?? '???? ????' XVII . ????%?'??%? ?'''??? ? ?? ???? '??. ?? ????, ?? ?'? ?'? ???; XVII ., ' ?' ??? '?, ??? '??? ???'????' ??' ?'?''??? ?' '????' ????+? ?'?'??'. ??'?'? ?'?'?, ?+'?' ??, ?'' +' ?????'? ??? ?'???, ???'?? '?? ?'? ??'??? ? ?+%???''? ????? ?''. ' ?+?' '??'? ???' ????? ???' (1976) ?? '?? ?????? ? '??, ? ?' ' ?'? %' '???? ?? ?? ?'??? ''???'? ?? '???'?' ?'?'?'. ??'?? ?'? ??'? ?'' ???? ? '??, ??? ? ???'???' '??? ''? ??'? '? ? ?? ??'?' ??? '??? ????. ???? ???????'? ?'? '???'???? ?'' ? ?'?' ????, ?'??, ? ???? ??, ??' ?'?'? ??'??? ' ?''?? ?+?????. ??? ? % ??''?? ?'? ''???'?? '?' ???' ?? ??? ?'?' ???'????' ?'?' ? ?????'.

% ?? ???? +???' ??. ??? ? '??, ''???'' ? ? '''?? ??'?'?'? ??' '??, '?+' ??'??? ? ??? ?+?' ????''??' ????'?? ??'???? ? ??'???? ?'???? ?'?? ??, , '? ?'???, '? ?+??? ?? ??'?? '??''? ??'?' '? ?-'? ???? ?' +?? '? ?'?, ????'?, ?''

122 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

' ???'??, ?'? ?'???? ? ?????'? ?'? ???'??. -'? ???? ?'''? '? ? '??, ' ? ?'???; ?? ??, ???? , ? ?'??. ??? ?'? ?'' ? ?? ??+'??. ?' ?' ???? ?'? ?'???? ????'?? '??? ??', ???' ??, '? '+?'?? ? ??' +''? ??-'+? ????? ??'??? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?'?'? ???? '?'??'. ????'?? '?'?? ??''?' ??+?? ???? '???, ''''', ?'?'???, ?'??'?? ???. ?? ?  ???? ?''?? ??? ? '??? ???, ???% ?'?'???? ??'? ??'??', ?'????? ?? ?????' ????'?? ?'??? ?+%? ?, ?? ?'?' +''? ?'??? '??  ???? ??'?', ?? ?'??'?? ?'???, ?? ?'?' ?+?' '??'? ????'? ??'??' ??' (1978), '??+??'?% '?? ?? ? '?', ?' ?? '??' ?+? ??, '? ?'??' ''' ???' ?'?'? ?????, ?? ?'??' ? ??'??'?? ''?.

?? ??', ??? -?'? '???? ?' ?'??'?, ???? ? ????? ???? '+???, ???''?' ???? '??? '?? ????????? ''???' ???'? ?' ?? ?'' ?'??' ?'??', ' ???' ????'? '?? '?'''?' ??''??'. ?? ?'??'?? ??'?? ???'?, '??'??%? ??'? '?? ?+%?' ?????? ??'. ' ?'?? ??', ??' ??, '??? ?'?'? ?'??'?? ???+??? ?????'. ?+? '? ???' ?'?'', ? +??'?'?'' ???', ? ???%' ? ?'?' ??'?, '? '?? ?' ?'? ???'? ???' ??'???? ??+????'.

' ?'? ??, ?'' ??, ?'???''????'? ??'?'??' ??? ? ?' ?????? ???; ??%? ? ??%?'?? ??'???? ?? +?'???''???? ?'?' ?'?'?? '??''?' ? '? ??? ??'?? ?? ?' '?'???? ??'?? ?+'''???? ?'?' ??'? ??'?''. ??? ?'???? ?'???? ??? ?'?'?? '? ? ??''?. ? ?' ????' ?? ???? '??' ?' (??) ?+?? ?'???? ????? ??'''??' ??'?'??' ???, ? +' ?'??? ?'???''??'? ?' ??'? ? '??'. ?? ??''?' ??????? ??+'?? ? '??, ' ?+????'? ?'??'; ?? ?'??' '?? ? ?''??'? '??, '? ?' ?? ?, '? ???? ? ??????' '?? ?+?????? '? ???' +?'??' ???'? ? ?????'?'? ??'?' ?'? ? ????? ????'??'. ''? +''?, '?' '', '? ?'? ? ???' +''? ?+?????' ? ???%?? ??'???? '????? ?'?', ?? ? ?'', '? ?? ??+% ? ???' +''? ?+?????'. ?? ? ??? ???'?' ?'????? ???', ?'? ' ??????', ? ????, ??'??? ????, ??? ?'?? ??' ?''?.

? ??' ???'?' '??  ??'?, ?? ? ???'?? ??? ????? '?? ''???', ?-'? ?+?'?? ???? ?? ??'?-

'' 5'. '? ?'?'? 123

???'???? ?'?-?????? ''???'. ? ?'?'?? ''??'?? ????'' (1967) ????'???' ??????? ?? ? '??'??? ''???'?'??? '?? ??? ? ? ? '???. ??? ? +?'??? ? ?'?? ?'?'? ? ' ?'? ? ' ?'? '?, ?'??' +?' ?'?? +??' ?'' ? ?''?? 1972?'1980 ., '? ??+'???' ?+??? '???'?'? ??'?' (1982), ? ??????? ?+?' '?'???'? ?'? ???'' (1980).

' ?' ?+?' ?? ?+??' ?' ? ' ''???'?, ? ?'??' ?' ?? ?'?? ?'? ?' ?'?? ?'?? ???''??', ?'??, ??? '? '???, ?' ? ?'?? ??? ? ???' ?'???'??, ?? ??? ?? ?'?' ??-'+? ? ?'?????? ?+???'??. ??'??? ?'?? ?'???? ?'??'?? ?? '??': ?? ?'?', '?-?' ?' ?'??? '? ?'??' ?' ?'???''??? ''???', ?'??? +?' ?'? ?'' ?????? '????'???? ??'. ?' ? ?'''? ?' ?????, '?, ? ???? ??', ?' ''???' ' ??????? ??'??'???? ??'? ?' ?' ?'? ?' ?? ?????, ? ???? ?? ', ''???'17. ?? ? ????, ?'? ??? ?'???? ????, ''??, '????, ' ?'???? ??? ''??'??, ?? '??, ?'? ???? ''???'' ? ?????', '? ?' ?'?? ??'?.

''??, ???' ??', ????' '?' ????', ?'? ?? ? %, ??+???, ?????' ????'? ?''?? '?'???; ???? ????' ?''??, ??' ? ?? ?' ?? ''?? ??'?'??'?, ?'? ?? ? %, ??+???, ??'?? ????; '???? ? '??? ???? ???+?' ?? ?' '?? , '? ?''??? ?' ???? '??? ??%?'??' '??'?'??' ??''. ? ??'? ??' ''???'' ?'?' ??????'? ???? ????? ''???' ?' ? ??, ''?'?? ' ?'??'? ?? ? ???? '????', ' ? ?'???? '?? +?????' ?''? ?'?', ' ?'????? ??'??'?, ? ?'? +''? ?? '??'?'??'? ??', ' ????'?? '?' ???'?'.

'???? '? ? ? ??????? ???? ?'???, ?'? ???? ??' '??, '? ''???'? ???? ??''?? '?, ?? +'' ? ??+ ?'?''?, ? ?? ?' +???+ ?? ?'??? '???. ??' ? ?'? ? ??'??. ??'? ?'?'?, ?'?' ??, ??? ?'''?? ?' ?'??? '?; '? +???+ ?? '??? ?'??? ????' ? ??? '??, '? ?''? ??'??? ?'???? ?'??? ??. ??'? ?'?'?, ???', ?'+??'' ?'????? '?+?? '?? ??' ????%?'?'? ??. ?' ' '?'?, ''?, ?' ?? ??' ?????' ? ''???'??? ??'??, ?, ?? ???', ''???' ?'????'', ? ???'?'??%? ? ??? ? '??, '? '''??? ???'?'? ? ?? sub specie aeternitatis *?' ?' +?'? ? ?+? +-* '? ??? ???' (''.). ?' ???. ?.

124 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

???? ?. ?? ??', ?' '?'?' ??' '?? '?, '? +?'????'? ?? ???? ?+?? ?'??? ?' ??'??'????'? '?'???? ??? ? '??, '? ?? '?? '???'?' +??'?'??? ?'?', ?' '? ??' ?'? ?''? ?+? ?'?'??. ?+?, ? ? ????, ???? '???? ?', '?, ? +?? ?'? ', ?' ? ??' +' ?+?'??? ?'? ' ??'? ? ???? ?' ? ????.

?'?-'? ?? +' ?''? ??? ?'?? +?' ?+%? '? ? '??, '? ''???' ? % ? ?' ??' ??????' '?? ??'?', ?? ?? ?' ??'? ??. ?' ? '???????' ???'? ?+'? ???? ' ??+'?, ?'??', ??? ? XVII . ', ?''?? ''?', '? ??' ? ?'? +' ??'?'??. (''?? '??? ? XVII . '' ??'' ??'; '?' ?'? ???? +''? +' ??'?, '?, ? ???? ??, ??'??' ?' '' ??+'?' ??'??'?? ? '? ?''?? '-''', '????' '?'?''. -'? ??'??? '? ?'??? ???'?????? ?????? ??'). ?? ????? ?' ??'?, ???'' +' ??', ???'?? ???? ?' ????, '? ??? +'??? ?' ?' '' ??+'?', ? '??' , ?'+??? ?'????? ????+'?', ?????' '?, '? ?' ??? ??'???? ?'?' ???. ?' ?' ??? ? ??%?? ? '??, '? ?'?? ??%???'? ? ??? '????' % ?? ??%???'? ? ??? '??', ? ?'???? ???? '?+'' ???' +'??? ?'??????? ??'?? ???????' ???'?, ?'?+??% ??, '? ?' ???  '??'? ?'??? ? ?'? ??+'??, ?'??' ???''??' '?'???'?' ?' ?'? ?'?? ??' ?' ? '??? +?', '?+' ????'? ? ?''??'? ?''??.

???? '??, ?' ? ?'????'?? ???? ??, ?'???, ??'??? ??', ???' ?''?'????'? ??' ???'?' ??'??? ?'????? ''???'' ??' ?'?''??' ???? ??' ? ??? '??'??'??'. -'?' ??' ??????', '? ?'? '??'. ? ???? ?? ?' '?'???'', '? ??''??, ??'??? ????'? ?'?'??, ???'?? '?+?? ???? ??'??? ?'? ?+?%'??? ''???' ???'???? '??, '? ?'???? ? ?? ?'?'?? '?'??'?'. ? ?+???, '???? ''???'?' ?'? ??'??'??, ?'???? ?? ?'??''??' ? ''???'? ??. '?? ??''??? ?'??'??, ?'?' ??', ?' ??''??' ???' () ??'? '??'?? (?'?? ' ?'????); +?'????'? ?'?' ??+'? ??? ?''' 18.

?' '?-'? ??+???, ' ?'?, ???, ????? '?'' '??-'?????? ?. ' ??? ''??'?? ??' ' ?'?, ?????%? '?'???'?', '??%?? ??? ??+?'??'? '?''', '? ??'? ????%? ''???'? ???'? ? ?+? ?+?', ?'??' ?' ??? '??. ???+???? ?' ?' ?+??, ?? ????' ?? +??????'? ' ????? ''???'. ''??'??, ?%?%? ?' ?'?? '?-

'' 5. '? ?'?'? 125

'???'', ?'?' ???? ? ?? ' ????, ? ? ??'?? ' ??'??. ?? ? ?'' ???? '' ??+'?' ?' ? ???? ??, ?'? ? ? ?. ??, ?? ?+' ?? ?'+???'? ?' ' , XVII . ??? ''???'' ?'+???' '?'?? ??'? '??, '?+' '''??? ?'?'? ??' ???? ?'?'? '?'??? ??+'?? ' ? ??? ????'?? ?+?'? '?'?? ????''.

'?  '?? ?'? ''???' ??'?'?? ''?, ? ?? ???', ???+?'? ?+? ?' '?'???''? ??' ? ???'??? ???''?? ???'?' ???'?, ' ?, ? '?? ?'?? ?' ???+????' ?'? ?' +'' ?'??? ?????? ?'?'??'. ???'????'? ''???', ??%? ? ??+?? '? '???? ?, '? ''???'? ?'? ??'? ??, ?' '? '???, ???' ??, '? ?%? '??? ?'?'?? '?? ?'??'?? ''?'???' ?', ?+ ?''''?'??' ???+????'? ?'??' ?' ?+ ?'?????' ?''??? ????'?? ? ?'?'? '???, ?'??? ??'?, ?'??? '?''???, ??'??'? ????? '?? ?' ?? ???' ? ?'??? ?'? +'??'?????', '? ?'?' ???. ' ' ??' '?? ????' ??? ?????? ??+? ?' ?? ??' ?? '?'' ???', ?'???? ???'?' ???? ?''?. ' ?'' ?' ??', '?? ? ?'? +'' ?'? ?''??? ?' ?'??? ''?????? ?'? ?? ??'?? (?????) ''???'??. ?? ? ?? ?' ?+ ????', ??, ???', ?'?'??, ?'', ?+%?', ?+???, ?? ???', ?? ?'? +''? ''???'?.

???'?? ????' '? '?'???'?', ?'??'? ? ???% ???? ?''??, '?'? ??', ?'?'?? ?'??? '??? ?????. '?'???''' ?'' ?''?, '? ?'??? ????'?, ?-'? ?????%? ????'? ???'?, ?' '? ''???' '?  ??, ? ?' '? ?? ?????'; ?? '??' ?+ ???, ????' ?'?? ?'????, ?'??'?? ?'? ? ?' ????+???'. ??'??%? ''???', ??'??? ??', ???? ??? ?' ?' ???%?%??? ????. (????'? ?' ''???' ?' ????? ?'?' ''???'', ??+???' ???' ?' ???? ?? ?+??? '?'?'' ?'????'' (1983), ?' '?' ???' ??' ??' ????'-'??? ?'?, ?+'?? '??? , '? ?? ?'?'?? ?'? ???? ????.) ' ???? ????''??? ?? ''???', ???'' ??', '' ?'?? ? '??, '? '?'???'?' ??' ????'?? ????' ??'??'? ??'??'?? ??????, ?'?, ?', ?'??' ??' ?'? '? ?? ???%??? ? ''???'. ?? ''? ??? +?'??, '? ??' ''???'-??'??'?, ?' ?'? ??'?'? ?', ?'?, ?'??' ??'???'?? ???'??? '??? ?''????', ??', ? ?'??' ?' '??? ?''????' '??, ? ??'?? ? ?????? '????'????' ?' ?'?.

-'?, ???, '? ? '?? ''???'. '?' ?'? ?-

126 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'?? '? ? ???''?' '??', ?' ?', ???'???, ?' ????'???, ???+?? ??' ????+? ?? %?. '??' ?? ??' '?-'? ?? '????'? ???-'+? ?+????', ???-'+? Bildung *. ????? ?'?? ??' ??' ?+?%'?? ???' 19. ???'??? ? ?'?' ?''? ???? ??'??'??, ??'? , ? ''?'?, ? ??'??'?, ?'' ?' '?, ???. ??, ?'? ?'', ? '??, ?'?'? '??? ?'?'??, ?+??????? ??'?'' ???' ??'??'?, ?'?'? ????'?? ???? '?? ?????, ??%?, ? ????+? ?'??'???'?? '?? ?? ????+???'? ?????. ' ????? ??'?' ?? ?-'? ?'?' '???, ????? - ???' '?'?.

' ?'?? ?'? ???''?? ???' ?'?'? ' '???'?'? ??'?' ???+??? ??'? ?'??? ?+???? +?' ???? ??, ?? ?? ??' ??+?'?? ???'?''? ? ?? ? ??'?. (??'?''??? ?????'????? ?'? ?' ?' ?'?????'? ???? ''???'? ??'? ??'? ? ?? '??, ?? ?'???'?? ?'??.) '?' '??, ??'?, ?'??'? ?? ?'?', ?' ?'? ? ??'? ???, ?'???''??? ?'??? ??%??? ???'? '???? ?'?', ??? ????? +?' '?''??'?' ??'? '??? '??. ? ????? ''?: '?'???'? ?'? ??'?'??? +''? ?''????' ?? ? ? ???? ???? ??'???'??. ??'?, ? ?'?? ??', ??+? ?+??'', ?' ? ??? ??'??? ??'? ? ?? ??''??%?? ?'?? ?+%?? '???. ?%?'?' ???? ??' ?'??', ? ???'???? '? ???, ??'??. ??? - ????+?? ??? ?' ???'???'? '??, '? ? ? ?'? -'+? ?+% ?''. ??'? ?+???, ?'?? ??'? ?'???, ?'??' ?'???, ? ???'???? '? ???, '?''?. ?? ???? ?? ??? ?' ???'???'? '??, ???' ??', '? ?? ?+'?' ??'??'? ?+%? ????'?? ?' '?'???'.

? ?+???, ?? ?'? ???'? ?'???? ?'????? '????? ??'? ?'?': ?'? '?? '? ?? '??, '? ?''?? +'?? ?' ????, ??? +'?, ' ???'??'? ?+?????'? ???'. ?'?'??? ???%? ???? ? '??, ?'?'?? ' ??? ?'? ?'?? ?'??'?, ? ???? ??', ? ?' ?'????? ? ??? ?'? '?'??'?', '? '?+???? '??? ''???' ?', ? '???, ?''?'?? ' '?'? ??? ?'?'??'' ''???' ??'?'?. ??, ?'? ???? ? '??, '?'?' ' ?'??'??? ??'''???'??? ?'?'??'. ??', ??' ?'???, ?'''' ??'??' ??''??' ?????? ?'?? ???? ?' ??, ?'? ? ?''???, ? ????? ????''? ??'?''' ?''????' ', '? ?????', ', '? ???' ' '????? ''???'', +?? '? ??'' ' ''???''.

????? 127

??????

??%??

AJP Australasian Journal of Philosophy

APQ American Philosophical Quarterly

BJPS British Journal for the Philosophy of Science

JP Journal of Philosophy

JSL Journal of Symbolic Logic

PAS Proceedings of the Aristitelian Society

PASS Proceedings of the Aristotolian Society, Supplementary Volume

'? Proceedings of the British Academy

PQ Philosophical Quarterly

PR Philosophical Review

RIP Revue Internationale de Philosophie

RM Review of Metaphysics

TLS Times Literary Supplement

N.B. ?? ???????? ''???? ?' ?'? ? ???' '' ?''???? ?'???? ??+'??? ' '' '? ?'???? ?????? ??, ? ???? ? ? ', ? ?''?? +'' ??''? (' '?'?) ? ?? +'' ??+'??. ' '?? ? ?'?'?? ?''? '? ??? ??+'????? ?? ( ?? ?? ?'?? ?), ?? ? ?? ?? ??+'??? ? ? '  +?'. ?' ???? ???, '? '?-'? ?' ?'' ? ?? ' ?''??, ?'???, ??'??? ????? ', ??+'?? ? ??' ???? ?'', ?'? ??+?''??? ?'?'?? ??+??.

'' 1

1 ??'?'? ?? ???????? ''???'? '?? ?'?'?? ? ? ?? .??? ?.''??' '?'???'? ?? ?'?' (Philosophy as It Is. I T.Honderich, M.Burnyeat (eds.), 1979), ???%? ?+??? ?''? '? ? ? ????%? ??'? ????. '?'???'? '?? ' ?.'.??? (Ayer A.J. Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, 1982) ?' ?'? ?'???, ????? ?'???? ?; ?? ??? ??'??' ?? ??? ???'??? ???????. '?' ?'?? ?????'?? ??'??' ''???'?, ? ?'??' ??' ?? ??? ?, '?? ? '???? '?? '''?' ??'?? ???????? ''???'' '. '??''? (Siegm?ller W. Hauptstromungen der Gegenwarts-Philosophie. V. 2,1975). ???+??? ????? ?? ''?? '? ???', ' ???'?? ?+???? ??'?? ???-

128 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

???' ??'?? ?'? ??. '''?' '?? ''???'' ?.? (P.Ricoeur. Main Trends in Philosophy) ?'?'?? ?? R???, ? ??%?'?, ??'?'??'? ???? '??? ??+'???'? ?''???? ??? 1979 ., ?'? ?+?' ? ?? ??'?? ??'? 1970 . ?? ? ??? '?????? ''???'?: ??'? ?+??' (Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey. 1981) ?' ? ??? ???????? ??''?' ''???' ??+?? ?'?%? ?? ?' '?'???' ??? ?'?''?' (Philosophy in Mid-Century, 1958) '??????? ''???'' (Contemporary Philosophy, 1968) ?' ???' ?'?? ?+?? ???? ''???' ??' ????+??' ?+'?'?. ?? ?.. '?? '?????? ''???'?' (Lacey A.R. Modern Philosophy, 1982) ??''?' ??+?? ??'?'?? ? ?'?'??' ??+'?' ???????? +?'???? ''???'. ?. ': Contemporary Analytic and Linguistic Philosophies I E.D. Klemke (ed.), 1983. ?? ? '. . ''?? '??? ? ????? ''???' ? 1945 ?' (Burr J.R. Handbook of World Philosophy Since 1945,1980) '??? ??'' ????. ?? ?'?'?? ?'?'? ?? ??'???? '????? ''???'?.

2 ???? ??? ?'???' ?+'?'?, ?'??' ? ??''?? ?? + ????, ?'?'?? ''???'? ?'. ?.: Contemporary Philosophy of Religion I S.Cahn, D.Shatz (eds.), 1982 (? ++'??'? ? 1965?'1980 .) ??'??%? Mackie J.L. The Miracle of Theism, 1982. ?+ ?' '?? ??.: Hudson W.D. A Century of Moral Philosophy, 1980. ?'? ? ? '???'??? ?'?'?' (Hare R. M. Moral Thinking, 1981, ?'?? ++'??'?) ? % ??', '? ''???'? ???' ?'?'?? ''???'??? '???, ???? ?? ???'?' ???????'????? ??' ?'''??. ? ?+??'' ??., ????: Wallace J. Virtues and Vices, 1978; Foot P. Virtues and Vices, 1978; Maclntyre A. After Virtue, 1981; (' +?' '?'???? ?) Geach P. T. The Virtues, 1977. ' ?' ?? +?' ?+????? ?+'?'? ??.: Singer P. Practical Ethics, 1979.

3 '?' ?+'?, '? ?+%? ????? ????'? '??? ?'??????? ?? ??? '? ?^ ????? ? '? ????, ? ??+?' '??' '?'? ?+??? ???%'?? %' ??'??? ?'?. ? ? ?? '? ??? '??? ?' '??? ? ? ?? ?'?? ?' ???'??'?? ??'?, '? ' ' ?' '?' ?'?-????''? ???? +'' ??+??', ? ???'? ???'?? ?+?'???? ??'??'. ???'??? ? ???? ?? ?' '??' ??? ??'?'?'. '?' ?'??' ????'? ??????' ???? ??????? ???'???'?? ??'. ?., ?'???', ? '? 2, ??. 5 ?+ ?'?'????. ???? '??, ?+'?? ??''?'?? ' ? '???? '????'' ??'??? '??? (1947, ?'??? ?? 1971) '??' ?? '?'?? '?, ???+????' ? ? '??'??? '???? ????'

????? 129

(1923, ?'??? ?? 1971), ?' ?'???? ?? ??'?' ?'???. '?? ?? ?' '?, '? ??' ?' ? ??'?? ???, ?'? ?'?? +?' ??? ??' +???' ?+?' '???. ?'? '? ?' ?? ''', '? ?'?' ?'?'?? ?'?'? ??'??? ?? ?'????' ???'??? ? '?'?? ''?. ? +' '? ? +''?, ??.: Luk&cs Revalued l A.Heller (ed.), 1983. ??? ?'?? ??????' ??'? ???? ??.: Skolimowski H. Polish Analytical Philosophy, 1967. '?' ??'???'??'? ??' ?'???? ???? ??' : Schaff A. Language and Cognition, 1967. ' ?+?' '.??'??-?? '''?' '?? ????' (Kolakowski L. Main trends of Marxism. V. 1-3, 1976?'1978) ''?? ?'??? ?+ ?? ????. ' ?? ?+?' ''????' ????'??? ''???'' ? ?? '.?'? '.?+? (Issues in Marxist Philosophy I J.Mepham, D.H.Ruben (eds.), 1979) ?????'?? ??'? ??'? ?'?? ? ?????? ''?+?'?. ?? ?' ?+?'' ? % ???%?'??? ?'??'?? ??-?. ?. ': Marx and Marxisms I G.H.Parkinson (ed.), 1982; The Varieties of Contemporary Marxism I TJ.Blakeley et al. (eds.), 1983. ????'?? ???? ??. : Socialist Humanism I E.Fromm (ed.), 1965. ???? ??'? '' ???? ?+ ?'???? ???? ?', ??.: Kamenka E. The Ethical Foundations of Marxism, 1962. -?''??' ?'? ?? ????'? ??'?? '??, ?'?' ' ?? ?''? ?+? ''???'?. ?.: Callinicos A. Marxism and Philosophy, 1983. ????? ? 'Radical Philosophy' (''??? ''???'?', 1972) ?'?' ????? ?? ???? ?'? ???????? ????? ''???'?'???. ? ??????? ?+%? ''?'??' ? ?'??? ????? ???? ??????'?: Avineri S. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, 1968; McMurtry J. The Structure of Marx's World View, 1978. ?'???''??? ?, ?+????? 1960- ., ??.: Passmore J.A. The Perfectibility of Man, 1970.

4 ' ?+?' '-?? '?? ?'??'' (1968, ?'??? ?? 1971) +??? ?'?', '?'? ?+??? ?'????? '?, ?''? ?'?'? ?''? ''???' ?? ?+?+%???? ??'??'??, '?%???? ?' ? ?'???' ??+'?', '.. ?' ??+'?, ????' ? ??'?? ?? '???? ?+%?' ????? ?'??'?? '?? '??''??' ?'???'. ?? ??'???? '???, ?'??? ???''?' ? '?'? ?'?? ?'???? ?'?'??'? ?'?'?? ???' ''???? ?'??? ???+%?'', ?+???? ??????' ??'?? ?????, ?? ??+''' ?? ?''?, ???' ? ?'??? ?' ? ??? '??????? ??'?? ?+%?'' (Habermas J. Communication and the Evolution of Society, 1979). ' ?'  ?''?? ?? ' ??' '? ????????? ? '??? ?' '? ??'?. ? '??? ?' +'' ????' ?' ?? ?'????' ?.'?-''' ???' 'Synthese' (1973). ? ?'? ?'? ?'?'??, +???

130 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'' ?'', '? +'' ??'??? ???'; ?' ???'? ? ??? ? ???? ???, '? ?'? ?'? ???'??. ?+? +??? '??, '? ?' ?'? ?'?'?? ?'?'???? ? ''???', ?' ??? ?'???? ?''?? ?? ????? ? '?????? ''???' ?'??? '??, ?' ??+'????? 1937 . '????? ? '??'??? '???' (1968, ?'??? ?? 1972). ? ???'??'??? ??' '?? ??.: The Essential Frankfurt School Reader I A.Arato, E.Gebhardt (eds.), 1979; ( ?'????? ?') Jay M. The Dialectical Imagination, 1979; ( ?'??? ?') Conner ton P. The Tragedy of Enlightenment, 1980. ?''??? ? +??? ??.: McCarthy T. The Critical Theory of J?rgen Habermas, 1978; Hesse M. Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science, 1980; Kortian G. Metacritique, 1980; Habermas: Critical Debates I LE.Thompson, D.Held (eds.), 1982; Geuss R. The Idea of a Critical Theory, 1982. +?' ??? ????? '???' ??'??'?' (1972, ?'??? ?? 1982) ??''?' ??+?? ?'? ?'??, ???%?? '?????'? '????'?. '?+?' ??-? ?-'? ??? +'' ?+?' ?+???'? ??'''? ???'??'??? ??'', ??? ? ???? '???'??? '?' '' ? ?+'?' ?? ?'???. '?' ????'?, '? ???'??'?? ??' ?'???'?? ?'?' '???? ??' ???'? ???, ?? ??''? ?+?' ??' ???? '??'?? ?'??' (1929, ?'??? ?? 1936), ?'???? ''?? ?'?? '? '. ?.: Jay M. The Frankfurt School's Criticism of Karl Mannheim // Telos, 1974.

???''? ?+ ??????? ?'? ??'???, ????' ??? ? ??+??? ???'? ???, ??' '? ?+?': The Sociology of Knowledge I J.E.Curtis, J.W.Petras (eds.), 1970. '??' ???? ???' 'Philosophy of Social Sciences' ('?'???'? ??'??' ??') 1981 . ????' ?'?? ??'? ??'??? ?'?? ?+'?', ???+??? ?? ? ''???'? ??. '??? ?%? ??'''?? ???'? ??? ?'??'?? '??? '?? '? ''??. ?.: Bloor D. Knowledge and Social Imagery, 1976; Barnes B. Interests and the Growth of Knowledge, 1976. ?. ' ?, '? 5, ??. 15.

5 '??'?''???? ++'??'? ' ??' ???? ' 17 '' '' ''???'' ' 3 ?, ' ??. ?'? '?? '??????? ''???'' ? ?? '.?.?''??' (Contemporary Philosophy l J.F.F10istad (ed.). V. l, 1981), ?'??'? ?'???'?? ???%? ''???' ?' ''???'??? '?. ? ?'?'??? '???' ? ? ?? '.?.?????' ?. ''? '? ?'?'?? '??' (What is Mathematical Logic?I J.N.Crossley et al. (eds.), 1972) ??' ?'?'? ?'? ??, ???+??? ?'?'? ?', ???%???? '???? ????'; ??'? '?'??'?? '?% ???-

????? 131

??' ???', ?'??' ???? '?'?'? + ??-'+? ???% ??+???. ?'' ? ???' ???? ?'? ?'??'?? ?+?' ? '''?'????' ?'? ????? ???. ? ??'??'???? ?'?? ?? ? ? ?'?'??? '? ?'?' ?'??? ?+???''? '?? ? ?? '. '??? '????'? ? ?'?'??? '?' (Handbook of Mathematical Logic I J.Barwise (ed.), 1977).

'? ?'?? ''???'??? '???', '? ???+??? ?????? ?'??% ?+?'': Rescher N. Topics in Philosophical Logic, 1968; Philosophy of Logic l S.Krner (ed.), 1976; Logic and Philosophy I G.H. von Wright (ed.), 1980; Language, Logic and Philosophy l K.Haller, W.Grassl (eds.), 1980; Grayling A.C. Introduction to Philosophical Logic, 1982 ( ?'?? ?+?' ?+??'?? +?'????'? '???, ?'??'? ?' ?'? ???+? ???); Wright von G.H. Philosophical Logic, 1983 (?? ??+??' ? ? ?''? ? ?'?? '?); Handbook of Philosophical Logic I D.M.Gabbay, F.Guenther (eds.). V. 1-4, 1983?'1984.

+?' .? '?'???'? '?' (Haack S. Philosophy of Logic, 1978) +'' ????' ??'??? ?????? ?', ??? ?'?'?? ??'??'? ?? '''???'? ??+'?', ????' '???'. ?'?'?? ''???'?? '? ?' + '?? ????? ?' ?+???'?? ??' : Essays on Mathematical and Philosophical Logic I J.Hintikka et al. (eds.), 1978; Modern Logic: a Survey I E.Agazzi (ed.), 1980. ?. ' ???? ? 'Journal of Philosophical Logic' ('-???' ''???'??? '?', 1972). ?'???'?? '? '?? ??' ''???'? ?' '??'?. ?. ?'??% ?+???: Contemporary Research in Philosophical Logic and Linguistic Semantics I D.Hockney et al. (eds.), 1975; Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language I P.French et al. (eds.), 1978; Aspects of Philosophical Logic l U.Mnnich (ed.), 1981, a ' ??. '' 3 4 ?.

6 ?+ ?' '?? ????' ??. ??. 8?'11 ' 17 ''? '' ''???'', ? '??? ?' ??. 20 ' 12. ?. ' ??' ??'' ?. ? ?'????? '? ??. (?'? ??'??? ??'??? ?+?'?) Haack S. Deviant Logic, 1974. ?'??? '???? '??'??'? ' ?'????? '?. ?? ?+???' ????+??' ??'?? ?? ? ????, ', '? ??+''', ?'? ??'??? ?'??' ??? ??'???'? '?? '??, ?? ?+'?? ??'??'. ' ?'? ?' '? ??' '??+??'' '?, ?'??' ?'??? ???' ? ??? '????? ? ????? ?' ?+ ?'?? ??. ??. 43 ' 18 ''? '' ''???'', +?' ???? ?+?? ?? ??+?'? ?'?? ?+'?' ???? ??' : Wilson D. Presuppositions and Non-Truth-Conditional Semantics, 1975. ' '?? ?+' ??? ??????'; ?-'? ??''? ? ? ???? ???''? ?: The Logical Way of Doing Things I K.Lambert (ed.), 1969. ? ?'?'?? ?'?? ?+?', '?

132 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'? +''? ????+? ?'? '? ? '?'???, ???%? ??'' ? ??+??', '?'?'??', +???'?'??'  ??'??' ???'???? '; ?? '????? '? ?''? ?'? ?'?'? ?+??? ?'??. ?. ': GoddardL., Routley R. The Logic of Significance and Context, 1973. ??'????, '? ??? ?+??' ?'''? +'' ?+''? ?????, '? ?'?? ??? ?''????? ??+?? ??? ''???'??? reductio ad absurdum. ?.: ??. 8 ' 8 ''? '' ''???'', ' Routley R. Exploring Meinong's Jungle, 1980 Parsons T. Nonexistent Objects, 1980.

7 ? '?'?'???'' ??.: Ackermann W. Strong Implication // JSL, 1956; Anderson A.R., Belnap N.D. Entailment, 1975; Diaz M.R. Topics in the Logic of Relevance, 1981. ?? ?'????? ????? ? ??? ??.: Belnap N.D., Dunn J.M. Entailment and the Disjunctive Syllogism // Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.). V. l, 1981 ?''??? ?+?'? Meyer R.K. Why I am not a Relevantist, 1978. ??'?'?? ??+?' ?'?'??? '? ?'?', '? ?'?'???'?, ?'? +?' ?'+?? '??? ???'??? ??'? '? '?? ?'?'?, ?'?'?? +'??? 1960- .; ??'??? ?? ?' ??+?' '?, ?'??? ???+??'?? ? ??? ?+'?'? '??? ?'???. ?. ': Routley R. et al. Relevant Logic and Its Rivals, 1982.

?' ?' ?? '???, ??'??? ?'?????/? ?-/? ??' ?'???' ? ???? '?'?, ?'? ?'?'? ??+?'? '?-???'??'' '?. ?.: Rescher N., Brandon R. The Logic of Inconsistency, 1979; On Paraconsistency I G.Priest, R.Routley (eds.), 1985; ?'??'? ???? ???' 'Studia Logica' 1979 . % ?? ?'???? ????'??''???? ?? ?' '? ??'? ?+ ?'??????. ?.: Routley R., Meyer R.K. Dialectical Logic, Classical Logic and the Consistency of the World // Studies in Soviet Thought, 1976.

???? '??, ??? ????'?? ??'? ?''? '???'?'? ?'????? ???'????' ?'??? ??. '?? ??+ ?'?' '?'???'? ?????? ?'??? ??' (Reichenbach H. Philosophical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, 1944), '? ?'? ???? +''? +' ?''? ? ???%?? '????? '?, ?'???? '?'???' ''???' ?' '?'?? ?????? ?'????'??? ??? ?+'?'?? '???'???'. ? +?' ?? ?'', ?'? ??????%?? ?'?? ??+, ??.: Fraassen van B.C. II Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics I R.S.Cohen, M.W.Wartofsky(eds.), 1974; The Logico-algebraic Approach to Quantum Mechanics I C.A.Hooker (ed.). V. l?'2, 1975; Putnam H. Philosophical Papers. V. 1,1975; Mittelstaedt P. Quantum Logic, 1978. '?? ' '?' ?'? '?, '? ? '?? '?? ????+?? ??'??' '? ?'???'?? ?+''??'? '?????? '??. ?.: Sommers F. The Logic of Natural Language, 1982. ' ?? ?'???-

????? 133

' ??? ? '? TLS. ?? ?? ??' ?+ %'? : Englebretsen G. Three Logicians, 1981.

8 ??'??? ?'??? ???????? ???? ''???' ??. : Bubner R. Modern German Philosophy, 1981, ???'?'?? '??' ?? ? ???????? ?'?-?????? ''???'?. ???+??? ??' '?? ???, ?????? ?? ?'?'? ?''???? ???. ' 1978., ? ???' '????? ??'??? ? ''???' '???'???', ? ?' ?? ?'??'' ????' ????'?? ??? ???? '? ??' '?????? ??'?'. ?%?'???, '? ?'? ???'? ?'????? ??? ?? ?'?+?' +'' ? ?+???? ??????'??, ? ''???'??. ?. ? ?+?'': Albert H. Traktat ?ber kritische Vernunft, 1968 Albert H. Pl?doyer f?r kritischen Rationalismus, 1971. ??? ????? ?'?' ??'???'? ?? ???? ??'''?? ???'??'??? ??'', '? ?'??? : The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology I T.Adorno et al. (eds.), 1969, ?'??? ?? 1976. '? ? ?'?? ?, ?????? '.???+, ? ???? ?+??. ?. ': Radnitzky G. Contemporary Schools of Metascience, 1968 ? ?''? (?? ??? '??''? ?''?), ????: Radnitzky D. From Justifying a Theory to Comparing Theories and Selecting Questions // RIP, 1980. ''? '??''? ??? ?' ? ?'???? ?' ?+???: Stegm?ller W. Collected Papers, 1977. ?. ': Lenk H. Metalogik und Sprachanalyse, 1973. ??'??, +??'???, ?' ?'?? '?? ?''??? ''???'. -???' 'Erkenntnis' '??'' ?'??'? ???? 1983 ., ???%??'? '??''??.

'? ??? ?+'?'?? ??'?%? ?'?? ''??'???, ' ?+?'???? ?'?? ?????? ??'??? ??-'? ?? '?. ? ? ??, ?'? '???' '??? '?? ??? ? ?'?-????? ''???'?, ??? ?+?' '?????? '????? ''???'?' (1979, ?'???? ??: Descombes V. Modern French Philosophy, 1980), ?+'??%? ??''? ? ???? ''???'?, ?? ? ?' ???'? ??????'? ? ???? ?'?-?????? ?'?'''?. ' ?'?? '? ??? ?''? ??'??' ? ??????'?? '? ??? '?+?? ? ???????? ???? ''???', ?'? ?? ?'????? ?' ? ????'?'. ?. ': Philosophy in France Today I A.Montefiori (ed.), 1983, ? '?? ???????? ?''?? - '???: Bouveresse J. Why I am so very unFrench.

?''????? ''???'? ? +?'??? ?' ??? '???-??? ?'??? ???+??? ?'?'?? ?????+'??? ?????. ? ? ??, ?'' ??-'? ?? ?'?'??'?? ?'?-????? ''???'? ??. ?., ????, ???' 'Epitemologia' (1978); Studisul problema del sighiflcato E.Agazzi (ed.), 1979; M.Dalla Chiara. Italian Studies

134 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

in the Philosophy of Science, 1980; Fera M. Apologia del Metodo, 1982. ? ?????? ''???' ??.: Scandinavian Philosophy Today I R.E.Olsen, A.M.Paul (eds.), 1972.

8 ???, '?, R??? ???, ' ??'?? '?? ?+?'?' ??' ?''? ''???'?. ?. ???' 'Monist' 1982.

? '???????? ??'??''???? ?''??? ''???''. '?? ?? ??'???'?? - ??%?'??? ???' ??'?' ''???'? '??. ?., ????: Contemporary Indian Philosophy I M.Charterjee (ed.). Series 2, 1974 ???' 'Indian Journal of Philosophy'.

9 -???' ??' ??+'?'?? ?+'???? ?+??? ? ?? .'?+?? ?. ''???' ''' (Hermeneutik und Dialektik / R.Bubner et al. (eds.), 1970), ???? ?'? '?''???? '???'???' ''???' .'.'??, ??? ?''? ?'??? ?'?', '? '??? '?' ?'' '? ?'?? ??? ?'??''?'?? ? '??? ?'???. ?? ?? ?? ?' : Tugendhat E.. Traditional and Analytical Philosophy (?'??? ?? 1982).

''??? '?'?? ???? '????? ?' ??'''? XIX . ???' ?'' ?'??? ++'???? '?'???, ?????'? ?????'? ?? ??'???? ????? '?'. ?. ? ?''? '???' ?: Schleiermacher F. Hermeneutik / H.Kimmerle (ed.), 1959. ''? ''?'?? ''?'? ???' ?' ?'???? '??? ? ?'?'???, ?'??? ????? ? ?'?'???, ?? ? '? ?'??? ????''?? ? ???????? ???? ?????? '???. ?.: Dilthey: Selected Writings/?..Rickmann (ed.), 1976 Wilhelm Dilthey

1 H.P.Rickmann (ed.), 1979; Makkreel R. Dilthey, 1975; Ermath M. Wilhelm Dilthey, 1978; Plantinga A. Historical Understanding in the Thought of Dilthey, 1980. '??, ????? ? ??, ????' ?'?? ????? ???' ? '?+' ?? ?'??'? ?'', ?'??'?, ?? ?'?', ? ?'? ??'?'' ??? ??'???' ??? '? ?'??'. ' '???? ?'? ?? '????' ???' ?''?? ? '????'?? ???' '?', ?? ?'?? ?'?? ? % ?????'?? ?' '?? '?? ?? '?'?? ??'??%?'. ?.: Gadamer H. G. Truth and Method, 1960 (?'??? ?? 1965). ???''' ???'??'??? ??'' ?'?' '?? ?+?' ? '??, ?? '? ? ?? '?' ??'??' ? ??? ?' ?'?, ??.: ApelK.O. et al Hermeneutik und Ideologiekritik, 1971.

?? '??'' ?? +'' ??''? ? ???? ?'?-?????? ??, ???' ?'' ?'???'??? '? ? +?'??? ??'?. ??? ?'? ?'??? ???' ?'??' '?'? ' ???' ''?'?, ? ????'?? '???? ?'' ?''? ? ??+%?? ''???'? +'??? ???, ??'??? ?'????? '?+?? ?'' ?'? '??'?'. ?+ ?'?? ???' ??.: Palmer RE. Hermeneutics,

????? 135

1969. ?. ': Philosophical Hermeneutics/O.E.Linge (ed.), 1976; Bleicher J. Contemporary Hermeneutics, 1980; Thompson J.B. Critical Hermeneutics, 1981; Taylor C. Interpretation and the Sciences of Man// RM, 1971. '? ??? ???' +'' ??' ?.???. ?.: Ricoeur P. Interpretation Theory, 1976; Ricoeur P. Conflict of Interpretations, 1969 (?'??? ?? 1974); Ricoeur P. Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences, 1981 (c ++'??'?). ? ???? ? ??.: Ihde D. Hermeneutic Philosophy, 1971; (?'?'??) The Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur I C.E.Reagan, D.Stewart (eds.), 1978; Studies in the Philosophy of Paul Ricoeur l C.E.Reagan (ed.), 1979 (? ++'??'? ? ?? ? ?'?). ? '?'???? ?'?? ???', ?????%? ?+ ??, '?'?'??, '?-? ''??'?? ??.: Thiselton ?. . The Two Horisons, 1980. ????'?? ?'??' ? ??'??'? ??''? ? ???'?, ?? +?'??? ?? ? ?'?-?????? ? ?? : Wright von H. Explanation and Understanding, 1971. ?. ' ?????'? ?+??? ?''?: Essays on Explanation and Understanding I J.Manninen, R.Tuomela (eds.), 1976. +??? '??'?? ???'??' ? ?? ?.?????'?? (Critical Sociology I P.Connerton (ed.), 1976) ???' '? ?+?' ''???'? ???', ' ??'''? ???'??'??? ??''. ?. ': Howard R.J. Three Faces of Hermeneutics, 1983. ''?? ? ???' .?.?'?? (Palmer R.E.) ? '???? '?? '??????? ''???'' (Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.)) ???' ?'??? ?+????? ++'??'?. ?. ': Hermeneutics, Questions and Prospects I G.Shapiro, A.Sica (eds.), 1984.

10 ?'? +??? +'? ?'??' ?? ???. ?'? ??' ?? ? ??? (1975, ?'??? ?? 1981) ?'' ??? ?? Trans-zendentalpragmatismus ('?????''??'? ??'???), '? ???' ? ?'????? ?'?. ' ??? ?+?' '???'???? ''???'' (Apel ?.?. Transformation der Philosophie, 1973), ?'???? ?'? ?''? +'' ??' ? ?'??? ?' ?' ? +?' ?????'? ??? '? '???'??? ''???'' (Apel?.?. Towards Transformation of Philosophy, 1976), ?? ??'?? ???? '?'' ??'?? ? '??, '? ''???'? ??' +''? ??+??? '? ?+???, '? ?? ?'?' ?????? '? ???%?''?? ???, ?? ? ?'?? ? ?'?'' ??? '?????''???? ?'? ? ??'' ??'??'? ??? ?'? ? ?? ?. ?'?? '? ??? ?? ????'?' ''??'?? ?? ' ??? ? '??''?? ''???'? ?' ?? ? ?' (Apel ?.?. Analytical Philosophy of Language and the Geisteswissenschaften, 1965,?'??? ?? 1967). '? '?? ???'?? ?' ? ???? ?? ? .?'?+?' '?????''??' ?'' (Albert H. Transzendentale Traumereien, 1975). ?? +?'??? ?' ?'?-????? ''???'? ???'??'?? ? '?, ? ? ??-

136 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'??' ??, ?'?'? ?'??? ? ??'?'? , ????? ?'?, ???. ??? ?'?? ???'?? ? '?'?? ??'?'' ????? ????. ????? ??. 36 ' 20 ''? '' ''???'' ??.: Readings in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences I M.Brodbeck (ed.), 1968; Explanation and the Behavioural Sciences l C.Borger, F.Cioffi (eds.), 1970; Ryan A. The Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 1970; Maclntyre A. Against the Self-images of the Age, 1971 ; (? ) After Virtue, 1981 ?''?: Maclntyre A. The Proper Study (Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures, 4, 1971); Winch P. Ethics and Society, 1972; Gellner E. Cause and Meaning in the Social Sciences, 1973; The Philosophy of Social Explanation I A.Ryan (ed.), 1973; Keat R., Urry J. Social Theory as Science, 1975; Rational Action I R.Harrison (ed.), 1979; Rationality and the Social Sciences I S.I.Benn, G.W.Mortimore (eds.), 1976; Elster J. Ulysses and the Sirens, 1979. ' ? '?'???'? ?+%?'' ? ?. .''? ?..'???? (The Philosophy of Society I R.Beehler, A.R.Dregson (eds.), 1978) ????'????'?? ?'????', ???% ? ??? ?? ?? ''???'? ??'??' ?? '??'??? ???'??; ? '??  ?? ' ?+?': Ullman-Margalit E. The Emergence of Norms, 1977. ?. ': Action and Interpretation I C.Hookway, P.Pettit (eds.), 1978; Thomas D. Naturalism and Social Science, 1979, ???? ? +?'??? ?'?? ''?'??', ????? ?'?%? ??? ??. 3 '?.

11 ? ' ?? ??? '?'?? ?'?? ??''? ??? '? ? '' ??'? ?'?''? +?'?? ????'' ?'??? ??'???'. ??'??, ? +'' ''???'', ?'??' ? ??'?'?? ? ?'?? ?'??? ????, ????, '..???? ??'?? '.?.???' '????, ? ??? '??'??. '?? ? ???' ???+??? ?'???. ?? ??' +'? ?? ?????, ??%' ' ''??'?? ?' ? ?, ? ?'? +''? '? ? ??, ??? ??''?? ?'' '??? '. ???? ''???'' ?'?'? ??'?''??? ?' ??' '??. ?.: Findley J.N. Hegel, 1958, ' (''???? ') Findley J.N. The Discipline of the Cave, 1966 Findley J.N. The Transcendence of the Cave, 1967. ' 1970- . '?' ??' ?? ??' ?+?' ''?, ' ???????'+?? ??'?? ?'? ??'?? (1975). ?. ': Hegel l A.MacIntyre (ed.), 1972. ' ?''? ??'?? '?? ???' (Taylor Ch. Theories of Meaning // '?, 1980) ?'?'?? ?'?-????? ???', ??'????? ? ???' ??'?? ?'????', ? ?? ???? ????'??? '?, ?%? ?' '?? ? ??.

12 ?+?'' ??? ? ?+'?'? ??'??? ????'??? ' ??-', ? ?'??' ?? ??' '??. '???? %?' -?'?? ???'?? (QuintonA. The Nature of Things, 1973) ?'?' ????? ????? ?''??? ?'?'?? ?? ?''??? ''???'. ?+?' ??-

????? 137

, ?' ????? ?+ ?'???'? ?''?? ''???' +'??? ? '????, ?????'? ?'??' (Nozick R. Anarchy, State and Utopia, 1974), ??'?? ?'?? ????? ?'? ''???'? '? ?+?' '?'???'? ?+??????' (Nozick R. Philosophical Explanations, 1981). ????'? ? % +?'??? ???? '?'' ? '????''???? ''???'' ??? '?? +?', ? ?'?? '??, ?? ? ???? '???. ' ?'???? '? ??? ??? ?'' '?'' ??'?? ? ???'. ???''? ? ???' ??????' ?'?-???? ?''? ?'??? ' '?''? '?? '???' ??'??? ? ''???'' (Midwest Studies in Philosophy. V. 4,1979). ?? ?.???+'' '?''' (Campbell ?. Metaphysics, 1976) ?'?' ?'?'? ?? '?'  ?? '?.

13 ''?? '''?? ???? ???'? ?+??? ? ?. ?.?.'?'-''? '-?? ???' (Knowledge and Belief I A.P.Griffiths (ed.), 1967), ?? ??%? ??'?' +?' ???, ??? ? ?? ?'???, ??'??? ? ?'?? '?. ? '???? ? +?? ??'?'? ???? ??'? ?: Essays on Knowledge and Justification I G.S.Pappas, M.Swain (eds.), 1978. ?  ??'?? ???+?? ++'??'?, ?'???, ??' ? '?, ??? +?''??. ? ?'? ?? ? ? '????'? ??'??'??? ??+'??, ?''?%? +?' ????? ?+'?'? ? ???????? ??, ?'????'??: Chisholm R. Theory of Knowledge, 1966; Chisholm R. The Foundations of Knowing, 1982; Aune '. Knowledge, Mind and Nature, 1967; DantoA. Analytical Philosophy of Knowledge, 1968; Knowing/ M.Roth, L.Galis (eds.), 1970; Problems in the Theory of Knowledge I G.H. von Wright (ed.), 1972; Barman G. Thought, 1973; Empirical Knowledge I R.Chisholm, R.Swartz (eds.), 1973; Lehrer K. Knowledge, 1974; French P.A. et al. Studies in Epistemology // Midwest Studies. V. 5,1980. ?'???'' ? % ???'?' ??'??? %'?? ?'?? ?'?. ' ?'???' ??.: Unger P. Ignorance, 1975; Williams M. Groundless Belief, 1977; Rescher N. Scepticism, 1980; Cornman J. W. Scepticism, Justification and Explanation, 1980. ???'?? +?'?? ?'?? ''' '?, '? ?-????? +'' ??? ???''?? '??? ????'?. ?.: Mackie J.L. Problems from Locke, 1976; Jackson F. Perception, 1977. ???+'?%? ???????? ??'??'? '??'??? ??'?' ?''? ???' '?'? ?'???'. ?., ????: Dretske F.I. Knowledge and the Flow of Information, 1981. ' ?' ?+%? ?? ??'??'?? ???? ??. ???? ?+??? ?' '? ?+??? ? ?. '.???'? ''????' '??'?' (Perception and Identity I G.Macdonald (ed.), 1979), ?'???? '?? ?' ???, ' ??.: Evans J.L. Knowledge and Infallibility, 1978; O'Connor D.J., Carr B. Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, 1982.

?+%? ?+??, ???'?%? ?? ?? ??'??'??? ?''?? ?????, ??' : Schlesinger G.N. Metaphysics, 1982.

138 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?' ???? '?-'? ??%??, '? ???'?'? ?'? ??' ?+?': Shope R. ?. The Analysis of Knowing: a Decade of Research, 1983. ? '?'??'' ??'??'? ??.: Quine W. V. The Roots of Reference, 1974.

14 ? ????'??? ?'? ???????' ? ?''? '??'??? '??? ?????', ?'???? ??% ?? ??' ? ? '???? ?????' (Armstrong D. The Causal Theory of Mind II Armstrong D. The Nature of Mind, 1980). ??' '?'?'?? '.?.'????? : Lewis D.K. An Argument for the Identity Theory // JP, 1966. ?. ': Mediin B. Ryle and the Mechanical Hypothesis // The Identity Theory of Mind I C.F.Prestly (ed.), 1967; Bradley M. C. Sensations, Brain-Processes and Colours IIAJP, 1963 (???? ? ?  ('??') ?'??? ??? ? ?? ??' '?'???'? ???'? ?'?' AJP 1964); Campbell ?. Body and Mind, 1970; Rorty R. Mind-Body Identity, Privacy and Categories ( ' ? +?' ?? ?????'?? '?'??' ? '?'???'? ?'? ???'' (Rorty R. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 1980)). ???? '??, ??. ?? '???? ?.

'??'?? '? ????'??? ??'?' ?''?? '??'? '???? ''??'?, ?????? ??'' (Davidson D. Actions, Reasons and Causes /UP, 1963), ???? : Davidson D. Essays on Actions and Events, 1980, ' ???'?? ?' ?' ????'????? ???'? ''''???'. ?'' ? ?'? ?'? ????'??? ' '???? ?????'. ? ?'?? '? ' ?'????'??: Grice H. P. The Causal Theory of Perception // PASS, 1961; Pitcher G. A Theory of Perception, 1971. ?. ': Causal Theories of Mind I S.Davis (ed.), 1983. ''?' ????'??? ???? ?'?'??. ?., ????, ??? .?'? (Nagel T.) ? '?'?'?'??? '??? ?????' (Armstrong D. A Materialist Theory of Mind) PR 1970. ?.'. ??? ??? '?'???' '?? ?'?''' ?????? ??? ?'?' ?'? ????'????? '???' ?'. ?. ' +?' ???? ''?'??? ? ?'?'?? ??. 40?'42 ' 20 ''? '' ''???'' ? ??'??'? ??. 13 ??'??%? '. ? ? '?? ????'? ??. ' ?'?'' ???? ? ?????? ??'?? ''-'?? 'Pacific Philosophical Quarterly' 1981 . ?''?? '.'??'?? '???'? ??''??' (Goldstein L. Scientific Scotism // AJP, 1983), ???''?? ??? ????'??? ? ?''??? ''???? ??'?? ?+???? ++'??'? ?+?' ''?? ?+ ????'?. ????'??? ??+''' ??? '??? ???' ??? : Armstrong D. What is a Law of Nature? 1983. ?+%? ?+?? ??'??? ? ??+'? ????? ??, ??? ?'??' +??' ?????'??' ?, ' ???''?'??%?? ++'??'? ' ??' : Armstrong D. Recent Work on the Relation of Mind and Brain // Contemporary Philosophy. V. 4. ? +?' ??? ??'??? ? ??+'? ????'? ??.: Universals and Particulars I M.Loux (ed.), 1970; Loux M. Recent Work on Ontology // APQ, 1972.

????? 13

15 '? ?'?? ???, '? ??.: ( ???? ?) Ransey P.P. The Foun dations of Mathematics, 1931, ???? ? ??'?''??'? ?'?'? ??+'???'? ? ??? 'Foundations' (1978), ': Prospect for Pragmatism I D.H.Mellor (ed.), 1980. ? ??+?'??' '??' ?''??; +?'??? '?? ?' ???. ?.: Mellor D.H. The Matter of Chance 1971. ? ???' '?'' ??.: Dowries R.t Stea D. Maps in Minds, 1977 '.?' ??'' ?? ????'??? ? '??? ?+?? ''??'? ?. ?. ' '? 15 ''? '' ''???'' '?'??? ?.

16 ???''?' ??+?? +?' ??? ??' ? ? '??'? ? ???'???'???-????? ???'???'?' (Wiggins D. Identity and Spatio temporal Continuity, 1967). ?. ' ?''? : Identity and Individuation M.K.Munitz (ed.), 1971; Personal Identity I J.Perry (ed.), 1975; ( ???+??? The Identities of Persons I A.Rorty (ed.), 1976 ( ??'?? ?+???? ++ '??'?). ' ? '???+'?' ????'' '??? ?'???? (William. '. Problem? of the Self, 1973) ??+??' ?''? ???? ??' ''?''', ?? ??? '??'' ??????' +?'?? ''???'?. ? ': Parfit D. Reasons and Persons, 1984. ' ?'? ?? ?+?' ? ?'?* '? ??': Penelhum T. Survival and Disembodied Existence, 1970; Mackit J.L. Problems from Locke, 1976; Chisholm R.M. Person and Object, 1976; Brody B.R. Identity and Essence, 1980; Hirsch E. The Concept of Identity, 1982; ????? ?? .?????? .??+???? ??.: Shoemaker S., Swinburne R. Personal Identity, 1984.

' ?+?' ??? ?'? '????'?' ????'' (Nagel T. Mortal Questions, 1979) ?+??? ???'??'????' '???' ???' ? ?? ??, '? ????? ''??'???', ? ?+??? ?????'?? +???' ???????? ''???'.

17 ' ?' ?'?????? ?'???''???? '??' ??.: Geach P. . Refe-rence and Generality, 1962; Geach P. T. Logic Matters, 1972, ' ? ?''?? : Logic and Ontology I M.K.Munitz (ed.), 1973; Griffin N. Relative Identity, 1977; Griffin N., Routley R. Towards a Logic of Relative Identity // Logique et Analyse, 1979; Noonan H. Objects and Identity, 1980. - ????'? ?'?'? ?'?' ?+?''??? ????? '?' '?''???? ++'??' ??????'?? ? '??. '?' ?'?''?, '? ?'?', ? ?'? '? ??? ?'??'?, ???? ??' ?'? '?'?? ?'?'?, ?' ? ?'????'??'? ': ???' ' '? ??'? ??' +''? ????, ? ?+'? ? ?'?? ???+% ?? ??? ????'?? '??' ??? ? '??' (Dummen M. Frege, 1973) ?'?' ' ??+''' ??, ????? ? ?? '??.

18 -?? '?? ??'?? ? '??? ?'?'??' ? '? ?'-???, ?? ??+'''?? ??'?? ?''? ''???? ' ???'' (Is Semantics Possible (1970) ?' ?? : Putnam H. Mind, Language and Reality, 1975). ?. ' ?'' ? ?? ?'??? ?.

140 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'???, '? '?? ???'' ??? ?'???? '?????-??? ???? ? ???'?''? '?+?, ? ??', ?+???? ??'??' ???%?? ?  ? ????'?.

19 ?., ????: Shorter J. M. Personal Identity, Personal Relationships, and Criteria // PAS, 1970. ??? ?+%? '??? ??? ??? ?''? ????%?'?? ? ??'??'??' '? ??? ?' '??, ?'???? ??+''?' ???+?'?, ????, -.?.?'??? ? '?-?+?'??' (Wilson E.O. Sociobiology, 1975) , ? ?'?'? ??''???, ? '? '???? ???' (Wilson E.?. On Human Nature, 1978) ??'??? ?'???? '? ????? ?+%?' ?' ?'?' ?+?''??? +?'??? ???, '??, ?'??? ??' ? '??? ???'? ??? ??'??? ?'???? '?, '? ?' ?'? '?????', ?'?' ???'? ??'??'? '????.

20 '-???' ??? ?+??? ? ?'?'?? '? ??'??'? '?????; ?'? ???? ?-'? ?'?' ' ??' ????', ? ???? ?'??' ????'. .??? ??? ? '''?' ?????' (Morick H. Challenges to Empiricism, 1972) ?+??' ??' ??''??? ??' ''???'?, ??? ? ???, ????, ??? ??? ???+??? ????. '???? ?'?? ??'? ?'?'? ???? ?????'????, '? ? ' ???? -'? ??''??'???'?. ? ? ?? ??., ????: Seilars W. Science and Metaphysics, 1968. ???, ?'?' ?+'?, '? ?'? ??'? ??' +'?'''??' ??'?? '?, ???? ?+?' '?? ??, ????? ??'??? R? ??' ??? '???? ?'?'.

21 '??'?? ?: Platts M. Ways of Meaning, 1979. ???' ?? ???? ??' ?? ?+?', ????, : Scruton R. From Descartes to Wittgenstein, 1982, ??'???? '??'?? ''???'? ???'? ?+??''?? ?? ?'?.

22 ? '?? ?' '? ??. ??. 35 ' 18 ''? '' ''???''. ??'? ?'???? ?'? ?? ' ???? ?'''? ?' ?' ?'???? ??'?. ??? ??.: Searle J. Austin on Locutionary and Illocutio-nary Acts // PR, 1968, ' Katz J.J. Literal Meaning and Logical Theory / / /P, 1981. ??? ?' ?''? '??' : Readings in the Philosophy of Language I J.Rosenberg, C.Travis (eds.), 1971. ?? '??? ????? ?'? '?' : Searle J. Intentionality, 1983. ? ???? '?? ?' '? '??', ' ? ??'?+???' ?? ??+?'? ?'?? ???????? ???'??, ??'?????? ? ???' ??'?? ?'????', '?? , ?'??'? ??'? ??? ??+'' ??'??, ??.: Kempson R.M. Semantic Theory, 1977, ': Sadock J. Towards a Linguistic Theory of Speech Acts, 1974; Bach K., Hamish R.M. Communication and Speech Acts, 1980. ?'? ???+??? ?'?' ?''?? '..???: Ross J.R. On Declarative Sentences // Readings in Transformational Grammar I

????? 141

R.AJacobs, P.S.Rosenbaum (eds.), 1970. ??'?? ?''?? ?'?? ?'??? ? '?'?? '? ?'?. ?., ????: Metaphor and Thought I A.Ortony (ed.), 1979; Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor I M.Johnson (ed.), 1981.

? ???? ?'? ?'?? '?????''??'? ????'? ??.: Transcendental Arguments and Science I P.Bieri et al. (eds.), 1979. ' ?''? '??'? '??'', '????? ?'?' ?+???, ??'?? ???+?? ++'??'?.

23 ??' '??? '? ??? '' ?+?'' ??'???? ??'??, ? ? ?' ????' '''. ?? ?'???'?? ?? ?+?? ??????? ? ??'?? ?????, ?'??' '?? ??%' ?'????? ??'?? ??'', ' ??? ?''???. ? ?''?? '-??, ?????? ????%?', ?' ??+'???? '?????? ?'' (Grice P. Utterer's Meaning // Foundations of Language, 1968), ??''?' ??+?? ??? ??'?? ?'? '?? ??'??' ? '?? 1967 . '????? '?. ?. ' ? ?'' ?'? : Grice P. Utterer's Meaning and Intentions // PR, 1969. -' ?''?? ??' ? ?'?? ?''??? ? +'?? ?? ?.?.'????? '..?'?, ???%??'? ? +?' ???? ?''? '-??' (Grice P. Meaning // PR, 1957), ??? ??+'??' : The Philosophy of Language I J.R.Searle (ed.), 1971. ?. ': ZiffP. On P.H.Grice's Theory of Meaning // Analysis, 1967; Mackay A. Professor Grice's Theory of Meaning // Mind, 1974; Pat ton .., Stampe D. W. The Rudiments of Meaning: on Ziff on Grice // Foundations of Languages, 1969; Wilson N.L. Grice on Meaning // Nous, 1970; Schiffer S.R. Meaning, 1972; Armstrong D.M. Meaning and Communication // PR, 1971; Strawson P.P. Logico-Linguistic Papres, 1971; Black M. Meaning and Intention // Black M. Caveats and Critiques, 1975; Bennett J. Linguistic Behaviour, 1976. ''?? '??? '-??' ?'? -'' ???? ? ??? ?'?? ?''??? en passant ('??.: ??'??) ???? ??' : Semantics I D.Steinberg, L.Jakobovits (eds.), 1971. ???????? '??? ??? ??+'''?? : Loar '. Mind and Meaning, 1981.

24 -'? ?? ??'??' '????? '????? '?, ??+'???? : Syntax and Semantics I P.Cole, J.L.Morgan (eds.). V. 3 'Speech Acts', 1975, ?+???'?? '???'??'?? ???? ''???'? '??'?. ?+??? ??. ' : Davidson D., Harman G. The Logic of Grammar, 1975. ?????? ? ?' +'' ?'????'??? : Grice P. The Causal Theory of Perception // PASS, 1961. -' ?''?? ???+?? ?+?'?? : Platts M. De B. Ways of Meaning, 1979. ????'????? '??? '?????' ??'?''?' ??.: Gordon D., Lakoff G. Conversational Postulates // Papers from the Seventh Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 1971, -' '??? ?'?'?? '?'??? ?'???' ?'? : Sear le J.R. Expression and Meaning, 1979.

142 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'' 2

1 ???'?? ??'??' ???'?? ???? ? '??, ?? ?'? ?'? ? ??? ?'?' ?????. (??'? ?'??? ?? ? ????'???, '?'???'? .?????, '?' 1983 .). ?.: Godel R. Les Sources manuscrites du Cours du linguistique gnrale, 1957. ? ????-pe ??.: Culler J. Saussure, 1976 ' +?' ?'?? ?''?? '?? '???? : Structuralism I D.Robey (ed.), 1973. ?.'????? ? '???? ?'' (Jameson F. Prison-House of Language, 1972) ???' '?, ?'??' ????? ?? ? ??? ? '-?? ???' (Ogden .?., Richards LA. Meaning of Meaning, 1923), ?'? ?'? ???'?? '?????? ?'?-?????? ????', ?'??'? ?'' '??'? ?'?? ?'????'? ?+?'?'.^ ?? ?'? ??'?, ????'???? ?? ??? ??? ??' '?????, ?'? '???'?, ??'??% +'? ??? ' +?' ???' '??'???-'? '?''????'?, ?'??', ?' +' ??'??? ?????'?'?, ??'??? '??' +' ??? ??' ???+?'? ??'??'? ?''?? '??'. ???? ?'????', ?? ????? ?? ????' '?'''??'?. ????? ? ??'''?? ? ..???, ? '?? ?? ?'???? ??. ''? '' ''???'', ?. 106?'108. ? ??, ???, ?''??? '?? ?' ????? '??' ?.'.?'?. ????+??? ++'??'? ??' : Parret H. Language and Discourse, 1971, ? '??' ??+% : Salus P.H. Panini to Postal: a Bibliography in the History of Linguistics, 1971.

2 ?.: Jakobson R. Selected Writings. V. 1-4, 1962. ???+??? +?'???? ?'???'?? ?'??'?? ? ?+?' '-'?''??? ?'?: '??' ??'', '???? ?+???: Style in Language I T.A.Sebeok (ed.), 1960. ' ?'' ?' ?????, ?+??? '??' ???. ? ?? ?? ?????????? '??'?? ????? '???'??? ??.: Jameson F. The Prison-House of Language, 1972. ? ?? '??'? '??  ??'' ???+??? ?'? '?? '.'???' ? ? ?+?'?? '???'???' '?? ?'' (Hjelmslev L. Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, 1943; ??+?'??? ?'??? ? 1961). ? ??? ???? ??' '??' ? ?..??+? ?' ?%? ??'''? ???? ???'? : A Prague School Reader in Linguistics I J.Vachek (ed.), 1964. ?. ': Vachek J. The Linguistic School of Prague, 1966. ???'? '?'??'??'?' ??'?? ?? '???' ???'??? ?? '?? ? '??'??? ??'?? ?? 1929 . ?.: Benveniste E. 'Structure' en linguistique // Sens et Usages du terme 'srtucture ' dans les sciences humaines et sociales I R.Bastide (d.), 1962. ?? '???' '???+'?' ?+%? '??'' (Benveniste E. Problems in General Linguistic, 1966, ?'??? ?? 1971) ?'??'?? ?''??'? '???, ???+?-

????? 143

?? +'??? ????'??? ???? '?????', ?''?%???? ?' ?''??' ?'???, ' ?' ???'' ??'???. ?. ++'??'? : Ehrmann J. Structuralism, 1970. ??'??? ??''? ? ?'? ???????? '??' ???? ???''? ?: New Horizons in Linguistics I J.Lyons (ed.), 1970, ??'?? ???+?? ++'??'?. ????? ? 'Linguistics and Philosophy' (''??' ''???'?', 1979) ? ????? ?'?' '?, '? ????' ?'?? ?+'?'. ?. ': Parret H. Language and Discourse, 1971. ?'???'?? ?' ?'??'??'? +?' ????? ??'?' '?? ?'??', ? : Seung .?. Structuralism and Hermeneutics, 1982.

3 ?. ?+?'? ??'?''? ?'??? ??'? -.? : Structuralism, 1971.0 '?'??? ?'??'??'?' '?? ??.: Gandillac de M., Goldmann L., Piaget J. Entretiens sur les notions de gense et de structure, 1965. ? ??' '?'??'??'?'?' ?? ????? ?? ?'?'?, '??'?, ??'??, ???'?? ??', ?? ?'?? '-'????, ??? ?'?'???? ?'??'? ?''? ?'??'??'? ??'??? ????'? ?'?. ' ?+??? ?''? ?'?? '??? ''??'??'?: ?' ? ?. '.?+ (Structuralism: Introduction I D.Robey (ed.), 1973) ?'??'??'? ??'?'?? % +?' ??: ?'? ?'' ?'??'? '???? ?'?'??? ????'? ??. (''?? '.?'? ?'?? ?+??? ?'?' ????? '??, '?'??'??'?' +'' ?? ??'??'? ??'?'? ?'??? ''???'? ? ????'?? ?'????). ?.?''', ?? ???? '?'?-????' ''???'?, ??? ?????? ?'??'??'?, ??? ?+?' '????' ?'??'??'?' (Pettit P. The Concept of Structuralism, 1975) ??' ??' ?'???? ?'?'????, ??? '? '?'??'??'?'?' ? '?? ?????, '? ?? ? ??' ??, '? ???''?'?'? +' ?'???. -.???-'??'? ??? ?'??? ?+?' ''??'???'? ?' ?'??'??'?'?? ?'??' (Parain- Vial J. Analyses structurales et idologies structuralistes, 1969) '?' '?, ?'?'???? ??? ?'? '?'?? ?'??'??'?'. ???+??' ??'??', +?'????' ??? ???% ????' ++'??', ?'?? ?''?'?? ?? ?' ?? ??''??'? ? '???. Structuralism I J.Ehrmann (ed.), 1970 ?' ???' ?''?? ?'??? '?????? '??' ?.??'?, ?'???? ?'???? ???? RIP 1965. ? ??? '????' ?'??'??'' (La Notion de structur), ?''?? ? ??'?-???', ?'???? ???'??, '? '?? ?? ?'??, ?? +'' +' ''???'?? ?'??'??'?', ??''???? ?+??? ???%? '-'????? '??. Structuralism and Semiotics I T.Hawkes (ed.), 1977 ?' '?' ?????? ?''??? ++'??'?, '?? ??? ?? ?'?? ?'? ''?'????? ?'. George de R. and F. The Srtucturalists, 1972 ?' ???' ?''? ???, ???, ?+???, '?',

144 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

'-'????, ?'?'???? ??? +?'?? ??'??'?? ? ??? '???. The Language of Criticism and the Sciences of Man I R.Macksey, F.Donato (eds.), 1970 ?' ???' ?'' ? ???????? ????? ?''? ?% ?'??'??'?'?. ?. ' ?'? ?''? ? '-'????, '?', ???, '? '?? : Structuralism and Since I J.Sturrock (ed.), 1979. Theorie d'ensemble, 1968 ?' ? ''? '?' ('Tel Quel'), ???% ??? ?''? ?% ?'??'??'?'?, '??, ???? ? ??????'' '???, R.???'? ?.?''??. ''? '?' ?' ?'? ?? ???? ''??', ?-'? ?????? ?+'? ?+?' ?+?' ?'??' ?'??'??'?'?. ? ????? ? ?'??'??'?? ? '???? ??? ?? ??. ++'??'? : Poster M. Existential Marxism, 1975. P. 306. ???? '??? ?: Broekman J.M. Structuralism, 1971 (?'??? ?? 1974) ?' ???' ??'??? ???+??? '? ?+?'???? ?????' ?'???? ? ??? ??. ' ?''? ?.''? (F.Wahl) : Qu'est-ce que le structuralisme?I O.Ducrot et al. (eds.), 1968 ?' ?'?''?? ' '? ???, '? '? ?'??'??'? ??%?'?? ???? ???'??? ??'? ?. '??'??', '???? ??????? '?? ?+% ?', ?' +?'?? '??, ? ? '??? ?' '??. ?. +?'???? ??? ?+?': Approaches to Semiotics /T.Sebeok (ed.), 1969. ? ??????'??? ?' ??.: CowardR., Ellis J. Language and Materialism, 1977. ?. ': Kurzweil E. The Age of Structuralism, 1980, ???''?? ?' ?'??'??'? ?' '-'???? ? ???; Kemp P. Le Structuralisme franais // Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad Ed.). V. 2,1982 ???+??? ++'??'? ? ???? ?'??, ???''???? '.?.?''???: Miller J.M. French Structuralism, 1981.

4 -'? '??? ?'?? ??? ?' ???'?? ? % +?' '????? '???'? ???' (1968, ?'??? ?? 1972). '?' ???? '''??? ?'?? '' ? ??'??? +??? (1961), +?'?? (1963), '??? (1975) ???'????' (1976). ?. ?'??'? ???? ???' 'Magazine littteraire' 1975 ., ' ??????'' '? ?+% ?+?''. '?? ?'?? ? ???. ' ??? ?' ?'????? ??? ?'??' ?'??? 'cogito' (Derrida J. Cogito and the History of Madness // Derrida J. Writing and Difference, 1967, ?'??? ?? 1978) '?? ?'?' '? ?'+?? ?'????? ?'?? ?'?', ? ?'???? ?+?'' ??? ?? ?', ?'???' ?'?? ??'. (??? ??? ' ??''??'? ?'' ? ?'? ?'? ? '???? ? ??? '??'?? +???', 1972). ?., ????: Huppert G. Divinatio et Eruditio: Thoughts on Foucault // History and Theory, 1974. ??? ??'??' ?'?? ???'?' ?''? ??? '???''??'?' '?+??%? ??'?'???'; ?? ?+'' ??? ??? ??%'? ?'?? ?''???. ?+?? ??'??? ??? ?? ?'?'

????? 145

'???? ??'?'?'' '?????'?. -' '? ??????'?? ? ??? +'??? '? ''???'?, ?.'?'??, ?.'? -.'??. ?. ?'???': Ricoeur P, The Conflict of Interpretation, 1969 (?'??? ?? 1974). ? ? ?'? ? ?'??'??'? ??.: Anthropologie // Situations, V. 9, 1972. ? ?' ?? ?'????' '???? ????'? ??.: Sebag L. Marxisme et structuralisme, 1964; Lefebvre H. Au-del du structuralisme, 1970. ? '??? ?'?? ???, ' ? ?'??'??'?'? ??'? '?? ?' ? '?'?? '?'?? '?'???'? ?' (Bachelard G. La Philosophie du non, 1940), ?'???? ?? ?'?', '? ??? ????? '??, ????? ? ?? ???? ?'??'??', ?'? ??'' ??? ?'?? '??, '? ? ???'?'?. ?. ???%??'? '?'??? ???? RIP 1963 ., ': Lecourt D. Pour une critique de Pepistemologie: Bachelard, Canguilhem, Foucault, 1972, ???'? ? ?'??? ?' : Marxism and Epistemology, 1975; Vade M. Gaston Bachelard, 1975; Canguilhem G. %tudes d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences, 1968. ? ??'??%? ????'?? ?'?? ??? '?' ??. ??? ?''??' ?'???: Foucault M. Power/Knowledge / C.Gordon (ed.), 1980. ?+% ??'?? ??' : Sheridan A. Michel Foucault, 1980. - ????'' ?'?'? ??? ??'?'?? ?.: Dreyfus H., Rabinow P. Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, 1982. ??? ????'?'?? ?' ?' ?''''?'??' '?? : Racevskis ?. Michel Foucault and the Subversion of Intellect, 1983. ?.?'? (Clark M.) ??'?' 1982 . ???'?????? ++'??'?.

5 ?'?'???? ?-'? ??? ?' ??? ????? '''???? ?'??? ' ''???'? ??'????' ????'?. '''?????? ?'? ?'?'???? ??' ???%???? ?? ?????', '????? : Thompson E. P. The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays, 1978, ' ??.: Sayer D. Science as Critique: Marx vs. Althusser // Issues in Marxist Philosophy I J.Mepham, D.Rubin (eds.), 1979. ? ?'???? ?'???? ?'?'???? '??????? ??????? ??.: R?ndere J. La Leon d'Althusser, 1974 (???? +'' ???? ?'?'????) Contre Althusser / J.M.Vincent (ed.), 1974, a ' +????? ???'? (Poster) ? ? ??'????? ??'???%??? ++'??'??. ???' ?'?'?????? '??? ??? ??'' ??? ?'???? '??? : Althusser L. Lenin and Philosophy, 1968 (?'??? ?? 1971). ???''? '-'???? ?'?'???? ??.: Glucksmann M. Structuralist Analysis in Contemporary Social Thought, 1974. ?. ': CallinicosA. Althusser's Marxism, 1976. ??' ?'?'?????? ??'?'??? ???? ??+?? ?.: Althusser L. For Marx, 1965 (?'??? ?? 1969). '+'??'? ??' ?+?': Althusser L. Essays in Self Criticism, 1976, ?'??? ??''?' ??+?? ?'??? ?? ?? ? ?''? (1973?'1974). ''?'?? ???-

146 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? ??'' ?'???'??' ????. ?., ????: Poster M. Althusser on History without Man // Political Theory, 1974 (? ++'??'?). ? ?'?'????, ? ???, ?''??? '?? ?' '?-'??. ???'?? +?' ????? ?'? ??.: Kelly M. Modern French Marxism, 1982. -' ?+?' ?+??' ?'???'? ??'??' ?: Piccone P. Italian Marxism, 1983. ?+ ?'?'???? ??. ': Smith S.B. Reading Althusser, 1984.

6 ' '? ??-'? ??? '?? '? ? ????? ?????'???'??? +'??? ? ????? ? ?? ?? ?'?'? ? ?'??? ?', ??? ? ?.: Lacan J. The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-analysis (1978). -' ????' ??%' ?: '?', ???, '??, ?'?'????. ?., ?'???', '?? ? '? ?'?'?????? ?.: Althusser L. Lenin as a Philosopher. ''??'??' ?'?'?? ??? ?' ?'????'???? '??? ? ????* 1953. 'Discours de Rome' // Lacan J. The Function and field of the world and of the language in Psycho-analysis. -' ?+?' +'' ?'? ?.: Lacan J. Ecrits, 1966 +'' ?? ? ?'??? ?' ?.??'??? ? ??? 'The Language of the Self' (1968), ??+? ????? ? 64 ?. ?''?? ? '? ? 150 ?. ??  ? ?'?? ?'?-????? ''???' ?? ' ?'?'?? ? '?, '? ?? ? ??? ??'?? ?????'. ?. ?'??? ?? ???? '?, ?'??? ??????? '? ''???'?: Lacan J. The insistence of the letter in the unconscious // Structuralism I J.Ehrmann (ed.) (? ???? ?''?? -.??'? ?+????? ++'??'?). ???? '? ???''??? ? +'' ??'??? +?????. ??''??? +'??'????? ??? ??' : Turkle S. Psychoanalytic Politics, 1979; ???+??? ?+?'? ?'' ? ?+?' ?? ?'???'? ???: George F. L'effet 'yau de pole, 1978. ?. ': Clment . et al. Jacques Lacan, 1974; ?'??? ?? +???' ?'? ?+?'' '?''' ('Ecrits') ? ?. ?.?? 1977 .; Coward R.t Ellis J. Language and Materialism, 1977; Stanton M. Outside the Dream, 1983. ??? ??'? '? ???'?? : Felman S. Le Scandale du corps parlant, 1980. ???? ? ?'? ??'?? '?????? ???' ??. : Ricoeur P. Freud and Philosophy, 1970. '?' ???? ?'? ''???'? ????'? ? ??? ??' : Freud l R. Wollheim (ed.), 1974; Philosophical Essays on Freud l R. Wollheim, J.Hopkins (eds.), 1982.

7 '-'???? ?' ????? '''???? ?'??? +'??? ??? ?+?' '?'??' '??' (Lvi-Strauss . Tristes Tropiques, 1955, ?'?'? ?'??? ?? 1974), ???%? ? '?' ??'?'?? ? ?'??' ?+?' ?' ?'???'?. ?., ?'???', 39 '?'??? ?'? ???'. ? ? '???+''?? ?'?'?' (1962, ?'??? ?? 1966) ? ?????? '??' ???? ??? ?'?'?? ?' ' '??' ? '???? ????. ??'?? '????'-

????? 147

?? ? '?? ? ''??'????? ?'???'?' (1958, ?'??? ?? 1963). ?? '-'??'??' ?'??'??' ???'' (1949, ?'??? ?? 1969) ????+?'?' ????? ? ?'? ? ?' ' , ?'??? ????+?'?' ??? ?+?' ? ?'?'?, ?'? ?'???? ?'?' ? ''?? ???' (1964, ?'??? ?? 1969). ??'? '?? ? ?'? ??. ?''?: Lvi-Strauss . The Structural Study of Myth // Journal of American Folklore, 1955, ?'??? +'' ?'? : George R. and F. The Structuralists. ? ?+%? ?? ? ?????? ??? ????? ??''? ?.: Charbonnier G. Conversations with Claude Lvi-Strauss, 1961 (?'??? ?? 1969). ' ?' ?? ??. ?+?'?: Leach E. Claude Lvi-Strauss, 1970. ?'?'?? ?????? ?' ? '-'???? ??''?' ?.: Paz ?. Claude Lvi-Strauss, 1967 (?'??? ?? 1970). ?. ': Leach E. Culture and Communication, 1976. ?? ?''? ? '-'???? ? ??'??'? ?'?'? ? ? ???+??? ++'??'? ? ?+?' ? 1968 . ???'?? : Hayes E.N. and T. Claude Lvi-Strauss: the Anthropologist as Hero, 1970. ? '??, ?? +'' ???' ??', ??. ?''?? ?.'????-'??? ?.: The Language of Criticism and the Sciences of Man. R.Macksey, E.Donato (eds.), 1970. ?.?''' ''??'??'?' (Pettit P. Structuralism) ?'?' ????'? '-'?????? ?' ?'? ' ' ?'? +?'??, ? '???'?+'? ??+??? ??+??? ? ??'??'? ????'. ?. ': Chomsky N. Language and Mind. 2nd ed., 1972. ? ?' ?? ?'????' '?? ??., ?'???': Derrida J. Of Grammatology, 1967 (?'??? ?? 1974). ????+?? ++'??'? ??'?? : Ehrmann J. Structuralism, 1970.

8 ??? ? ???? ??'?'? ?' '?' '', '? ?????? ??????'?? ?'?, ?'???? ??-'? ?? +'' ??' ?'??'??'?'', ?????' ????'? '????-?''???, ? ??? '??'?'??? ????'. ' 1970- ?' ??''?? ????. ' ??? ?+?' '?'? %?' (1968) -.'???? ?'?' ????'??-?'??'??'?'?? ?' '??? ?'?+'?? , ? ??? ??', ?? ??'. ' '-?' ????'' (1973, ?'??? ?? 1975) ?? ?'?' ???? ? ????? ????? ?'??'??'?, '? ?'?' ?'??? ?? ? ??+''? ?? 1968 . ? ?+??? ?? ?'??'??'?'? ???'?? ? ' ??'??? ??' ??????, '? ? ?? ?'? ? ?'??'???? ?'? ?', ? ?' '??? ????? '? ???, ' ??? ?'??'?? ???? '??? +?????? ?+%?'. ''? '??' ''???'?' ? ??? ??? +'' ???'? ? ????+??'? ???; ?' ''???'' ?'' ??'? ??'?? ?'?''? ???' ?????? ?'??? ??? 70- . ?., ????: Levy '. -?. Barbarism with a Human Face, 1977 (?'??? ?? 1979) Glucksmann A. The Master Thinkers, 1977 (?'??? ne-

148 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? 1980). '? ??'''??? ??', ' ?'? '?, ?'? ???' ??' '???? ?''''?'? ? ?'?? ????, +?'? ? '??, '? ????' ?'?? ?'??, ?? ? ??' ??'? ????, ??? ?''? ?'?'?.

9 '?? ?' ?''??? '?? ? ''?'????? ?'?. ?., ????, ???%??'? '?? ???? 'The Oxford Literary Review' 1978 . ' Bloom H. et al Deconstruction and Criticism, 1979. '?' ?+% ?????'?? ? ? ??.: Jameson F. The Prison-House of Language, 1972; ??? ? '?? ???? ? '. (G.Spivak) ?'????? ??? '? ???'?'?'; ??. Rorty R. Philosophy as a Kind of Writing // New Literary History, 1978 ???'?? ?''?? '.?'? (J.Culler) : Structuralism and Since I J.Sturrock (ed.), 1979. ????'' '???' '?? ?+???'?? : Fuchs W. W. Phenomenology and the Metaphysics of Presence, 1976. ?+ ?'' ? ??? ??.: Finas L. et al. %carts, 1973. ' 'Annexe III' (??'?? III) ?'??? ?? '?''?? ???, '? '?? ?'??'?? ?''??? +?'??? ??? ?'? ???, ? ?? ????, ? ??????? '?' ?'??'' ??' ????''?, ???'' ?''. ???''? '?? ''??'?? ??. ? ? ?.'?? ?'????? ??? ? ''?'?? '????', ' Grene M. Philosophy In and Out of Europe, 1976. ?+ ???? ??'??? ?'' '?? ??. Rorty R. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 1979. ' ?'' ?' ?'??'??'?'?, '?? ?? ' ?'???. ??? ??. ? '??' (1972, ?'??? ?? 1981), ???% ? ????'? ? ???? ???'. ? ?? '?? ? ???????? ''?'????? ?'?? ??. Norris . Deconstruction: Theory and Practice, 1982. ??'?? ???+?? ++'??'? ????? ? 'Research in Phenomenology' (1978) ?'?? ?+?? ??????'?? ?+?' ?????. '?? ???? ??? ?' ?? ?'????' ????'?, ????'?? ?? ???'? ???''???? ?? '+?'???? ????. ??? ?.?? ??? ?+?' '???? ???'???' (Ryan M. Marxism and Deconstruction, 1982) '?'' ???, '? ???? ??' ??'??'? ?'?' '?? ??? ?' ''? ????? +???'??? ? ???%?? ??' ??+?'???? ??'?.

10 '?? ??' ( 1962 .) ?? ????''?? '?' ??'?' '????'?; ? ???+?' ????'? '?? ?? '????'? ?+?' ''?'?? '????' (1967, ?'??? ?? 1973) ? ? ?? ??' ?'?'??? ?? '? ? ? '??. ' ?+?' '? ???'?'?' (1967, ?'??? ?? 1976) '?? ?+?''?? ????. -' ?+?'' ?' ???+??? ?' ?' ? % ????' ?'? ?'???''??? '????' ????'?. ??? '????????? ??' (1974), ''? ????''?'?? ? '????? ?''? -??? -?, '??-

????? 14S

+?' ???? '???, ?' ?'????  ??' ??? ? ?'?? ? ??' ???'? ?'???? ????? ???'?? ??+??'?* ????? ???'? '?+???. (? ??'? ??' ? ? '??' ? '??, '? ???? ? ?'?? ????'? '?? + '??, '?+? ?? ??? '? ? ?'??' ?.)

11 ??'??? ?+'? ?? ??'??? ?'???. '?? ??'; ??? ?' '????, ??+'', ??'?'' ? ???????? ?????' '???? ''???'? ?+%?' 1971. ?? +'' ??+'?? ?+? ' '?? '??'? ''???'' (1972), ? ?'??? ?? +'' ? '? ????? ? '??? ??? 'Glyph I' (1977) ? ?' ? ?''?? ? ?? '..?'?. ??? '??'? ?'' '?? ? ? ?? 'Limited Inc. a b ?' +'' ??+'?? 'Glyph II'. ? ???' ???'? ?'???? ?? '??'? ''???'' (Derrida J. Margin of Philosophy, 1983). '''? ?? ?'? ?'?????? '??' ?'?] ?''?? ? ??'??. ?. ? ??? ? ?''? (?' 27 ?'?+?? 1983 . ?'' ? ???? ?? (?' 2 '?'? 1984 .) 'New York Review'

12 -????'? ? ?+?'? ????? ?'?? ?'? ?: Chomsky: Slecte* Readings I J.P.Allen, P. van Buren (eds.), 1971. '? ?'?? ? ''???' ?, ??., ?'???': Chomsky N. Language and Mind (??????? ? 1972) Chomsky N. Reflections on Language, 1976. ?. ': Lyon J. Chomsky, 1970; On Noam Chomsky I G.Harman (ed.), 1974; Leiber J. Noar Chomsky, 1975; Sampson G. The Form of Language, 1975; D'Agostino I Chomsky's System of Ideas, 1984. '? ? ????? ? ''?? ? ?'??'?? '??'??? '??' (Chomsky N. The Logical Structur of Linguistic Theory), ?????? 1955 . ?' ??+'????? 1975 ., ??''?? ? ?''''?'??? ?'. ?? ??' ??? ??? '?'? ?? ?'?'; ?''??' ? ?'???, ??+'???' ? Magee '. Men of Ideas, 1978 Parrel -. Discussing Language, 1974. ? ?? ?? '??? ????? ''???'? ?' ??? ''???'? ?+? ???? ?' ??.: Katz J.J. The Philosophy of Language, 1966 Katz J.* The Underlying Reality of Language and its Philosophical Import, 1971. (At '??? ? 1972 . ?'? ?? 'Linguistic Philosophy'). ??? ?'?, '? ???? ''??'?? ??? ??'???' ?? ?? ????' : Erde E.L. Philosophy and Psycho-Liguistic, 1973. ?. '' ?''? : Language and Philosophy l S.Hook (ed.), 1969. ????+?? ++'? ?'?, ???+??? ? ?????'??'? ??????'? ??'???? Fej ??, ???%??'? ??????, ??.: Stegm?ller W. Hauptstrumungen de Gegenwarts-philosophie, 1975. ?. ': Linguistik und Sprachphilosophie M.Gerhardt (ed.), 1974. ? ????? ??'?' '?????? ?'??'?? '? ??.: Parain-Vial J. Analyses structurales et ideologies structuraliste 1969 ????? ?? ???? ??? : Reflexive Water I Elder F. (ed. 1974. ' ?' ?'??? ?? '???'???????? ???'?

150 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'' ????? ?'?' ?+?''??? ?.: Bach E. Syntactic Theory, 1974 Grinder J. T., Elgin S.H. Guide to Transformational Grammar, 1973. ?. ': The Structure of Language I J.A.Fodor, JJ.Katz (eds.), 1964; Readings in Transformational Grammar I R.Jacobs, P.S.Rosenbaum (eds.), 1970. '''??? '?? '?? '?? ?? ?.: Katz J. /., Postal P. An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions, 1964. ? ?' ?? ?'????' '??'? ??.: Hocken .F. The State of the Art, 1968; ???? ?'? ?'? ????'? ??''? : Discussing Language I H.Parret (ed.); Matthews P. Generative Grammar and Linguistic Competence, 1979. '?' '''?'????' ?' ? ??'??'?????? ? ??''? : Robinson I. The New Grammarian's Funeral, 1975. ?. ': Syntactic Theory I F.Householder (ed.), 1972 Smith N., Wilson D. Modern Linguistics: the Results of Chomsky's Revolution, 1979. To, ? ?+??? .+?' ?? '??'' ???????? '?''''??' ?' ????? ??'' ? ??, ?+??'?? ?.: The Nature of Syntactic Representation I P.Jacobsen, G.Pullum (eds.), 1982. ??'? ? ? '?? ?' '? ??. ?''? '?? ?'? : On Noam Chomsky I G.Harman (ed.), 1974. '''??? ??? ????, ????? '??'??? '?? ?????, ? ? ? ?? ?'????' ? ?'' ?'? ??.: Newmeyer F.J. Linguistic Theory in America, 1980. ?. ' ????', ????' : Langendoen D. T., Postal P.M. The Vastness of Natural Languages, 1984.

13 ?.: Chomsky N. Problems of Knowledge and Freedom, 1972 Chomsky N. For Reasons of State, 1973, ?' ??' ?' '??? '' '???. ? +?' ???' ?+?'' ? ?????? ??? ??+'? ' ?? ??' ?.: Radical Prioriries. C.Otero (ed.), 1981. ? ???? ?? ?''?? '?? ????? ? '??'?? '???? ??.: Sampson G. Liberty and Language, 1979. ??'??? ????'?? ''???' ?? '' ? ?'?? +?'??? ??'? ?'???'?? ??-????, ? ?'?'?????. ?.: Schaff A. Structuralism and Marxism, 1978.

14 ? ?? ?'? ?'?'?? '?? ?''???? ?'?'''? ?? XVIII ''?'?? '?? '??+?'?'. ' ?' ?+%? ?? ? ???? ??.: Humanist without Portfolio IM.Cowan (ed.), 1963 ' ? ??? '.? .'??? (1969 .) ?+?'' '??+?'?' ''??' ?''????' ?????'', ?????? 1791 ., ?? ?'???'?? ??+'????? '?? 1852 . ? '?? ?' '??+?'?' ??., ?'???': Cassirer E. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. V. 1,1923 (?'??? ?? 1953). ? ???? '??'? +?'??? '??? ?'??'?? ' '???'?'?%?' -? ?. ?.: Sapir E. Language, 1921 Selected Essays by E.Sapir I O.G.Mandelbaum (ed.), 1949. ?????? ?'? ??? '??, ? ???? ?+?? ????, ?? : Grinder J. ., Elgin S.H. Guide to Transformational Grammar, 1973. ?. ': Harris Z. Papers on Syntax / H.Hiz (ed.), 1981. '?' ?? ???? ??? ??. ?'.: Harris

????? 151

Z. A Theory of Language // APQ, 1976. ??' -'' '?' ''???'? ?'?'? '?? ??? : ZiffP. Semantic Analysis, 1960. ???? ?' ?? '?? '? ???, ? ? +'' ????' ? ???'' ????'??' '??? ?', ?'??' ?? ?'' ? ? '????. ??? ? ?'??? ? ??''???' ???' '???' ???'????', ??+''?' ? ???? ??'??? ?'? ???? ? '?? ?'???. ?., ????, ?+?'?: Hockett .F. A Manual of Phonology, 1955, ? ?'???? ???? ' ??? 'International Journal of American Linguistics' (1957). ?'??? '? '????, ????%? ??+? ???? '??'?, ?'??'? ??'?' ??? ?'???? ???'???? '+?' ?'?? ?'???, ? ?'?? ??????' '+?? '?+?? ??'? ????' ??? ????' ???'??%? ?'???. ''???'' '?? ?' ??''?' ??+?? ???? ? ??+?' ??. ''+? ?'?? '??'?', ?' ? ??? '??'? ?'??? '+?'? '??'; '+? ??' ?'? '??'?' ?'?? '?'?', ?' ? ??? '? '+?'? '?'' ?' '?'?? ?'? '.. '??? ????? ???'?' '??, '? ?'? ?' ? ??? ?''? '+?? + ?+?%?? ?'??, ?'??' +'' '+??' ? ??'?? ???'??%? ?'?. , ?'?? ''?, ????? ?? ?+ ?'??, ? ?'' '+?? '? ?'' ?' ?' ?'? ''?', ? ?' ?'? '?'??'. ? ?'' ???' ???' ???'???? ???' ? '???'???'?'?' '???? ??'?+'?? ?'. ?. ': Suppes P. Probabilistic Grammars for Natural Languages // Synthese, 1970. ? ?? ??+?' ?'?? ?????'?????? ?'?'''? ??.: Patrick Suppes l R.J.Bogdan (ed.), 1979. ? ''?? ?????' '?? ??.: Cherry . On Human Communication, 1966.

15 ? ???? ?? '???? '????? '?+???? ?'??'???? ??. ?''? '.???, '.? ?.???? ?.: The Semantics of Natural Language I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1972. ?. ' ????'? '.'?'' (J.Lakoff) : Discussing Language I H.Parret (ed.), 1974. '?' ?? '?' ????? ??''?' ' ?+?': Chomsky N. Deep Structure, Surface Structure and Interpretation, 1970, ?'???? ?.: Chomsky N. Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar, 1972. '. ? ?'?'' ???'??? ???'? ??'?? '?????? '???? '??? 'Monist' (1977). ???? ??%'?? ?+???? ?'?? '?' : Chomsky N. Rules and Representations, 1980. ?. ': Chomsky N. Philosophical Analysis and Deep Structure // Monist, 1973.

16 -'? ?+?'? ???? ???'? ?.: The Structure of Language I J.A.Fodor, J.J.Katz (eds.), 1964.'?. ': Chomsky N. Some Empirical Assumptions in Modern Philosophy of Language // Philosophy, Science and Method I S.Morgenbesser, P.Suppes, M.White (eds.), 1969, ? ?' ??'? ? '?'?? ??' ???, ?? ??' ???? ''??'??.

152 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

17 -' ?'? ?? '???'? ??'??'?' '???'?'?', '????' '??'???' ' , ????' ????' ?????, ???? ?'?'??. ??? ?'?' ? '?? ?????, '? ?? ?'??? ?'? ????' '??'??? '???, ?'??, ??, ????'? ?.?.?''?? ?' ''???? ?+??'?' (??: Hocket t . F. The View from Language, 1977). '???'??' ? ?????, ?' '.'?'', ?' ?'? '??????? ???, ? ?''?? ? '?, '? ?'?? ???'? ? '???, ?'???? ?? ?'?'??? ?'?' ????' ??'???'. ? ?'?' ?? ????, ?? ? ??' ??' ?''? ??+?''? '??? '??'???', ?? ? '?? ???'?' '??? '????', ?? ? ??' +''? ?'?'?  ?+%? ' ??''??''???? ?''''?'???? '?, ?' '??? ????. ???? ?'?, '? ? ?'?'?+? '? ?' +''? '''? '??'; ?% ?'?? ?' ?'? '??'??', ?' ?? ? ?'??? ??' ??, ??'? ? ??. '?' ?+%? ???? ???'?' '??, ??'''??? ' '??' ????? ?+??' ?'??? ??'?????? '???, ' ?? ???'?' '??'?'?' ????'' ?''??? ', '  '??? ?'? ?'?'?? '??'??????', ?????%??? ? '???. ??, ???'??, ??????? ?????, '? ???''?' ?'??? ??'?????? '??? ' ?'?' ??'? '??. ?.: Explaining Linguistic Phenomena I D.Cohen (ed.), 1974; Testing Linguistic Hypotheses I D.Cohen, J.Wirth (eds.), 1975. ?+?' ??'?'?? '?? ??? ?'??'? ???? ' ? ???? ?' ??? ?: Chomsky N. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, 1965. ?. ' ?'' 4 5 : Putnam H. Philosophical Papers. V. 2, 1975.

18 ? ?'?'? ?'?, ?' ? ??'' + ???? ?+?%? ????? ??????' ?' ''???'? '?? ????', ? '? '?+' ? ?'?'? ????'? ??? ??? ?-'? ?'?''???. ?. ????? ?? ?.'????? .?'????? 'Synthese', ?'???? : Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science I R.S.Cohen, W.M.Wartofsky (eds.). V. 3, 1967, ' ??'??? ?'' ?????, ?' ?'??'? : Language and Philosophy l S.Hook (ed.), 1969 ( ??' ???? ?? ?'?) ?'??'? : Chomsky N. Language and Mind. ?. ': Edgley R. Innate Ideas // Knowledge and Necessity I G.Vesey (ed.), 1970; Cooper D. Philosophy and the Nature of Language, 1973; Cooper D. Knowledge of Language, 1975; Innate Ideas I S.P.Stich (ed.), 1975; Chomsky N. Rules and Representations, 1980; Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality I M.Halle et al. (eds.), 1980.

' ?'?? ???? ??'''?? ? ??'? ?..'??'. ? +?' ??? ??'???? ?+'?' ??'??? ??'? ?'???'??: Gregory R. Eye and Brain, 1966; '??? ??' '?? ?????. ???? ' ??'?' ?'??'?? '? ?????'??' ??'??? ?

????? 153

??'??'. ?., ????: Fodor J., Bever T., Garreit M. The Psychology of Language, 1974 ' Derwing B. Transformational Grammar as a Theory of Language Acquisition, 1973. '????' ?? ??'?? '??'?? ?'' ????? ?'??? : Fodor J.A. The Language of Thought, 1975. ? ??'?? ?+?' ?'?'? ?'?? ????? ?'?'?? ?. ? ???? ?? ? ???? ??.: Piatelli-Palmarini M. Theories de Langage, 1979 (?'??? ?? ? ??? 'Language and Learning', 1980). ?'?'??'?' '?' ? ???? ?' ??.: Language Acquisition I P.Fletcher, M.Garman (eds.), 1979; Wexler K., Culicover P. W. Formal Principles of Language Acquisition, 1980; Language Acquisition I E.Wanner, L.R.Gleitman (eds.), 1983.

19 ?+ ????'???? ???', ?' ??, ??.: Bach E. Syntactic Theory, 1974 Universals in Linguistic Theory I E.Bach, R.Harms (eds.), 1968.

'' -

1 -'?' ???? '' ???? ????. '?'????'? '?' '??'? ??'??????? '??', '?? ' ?% ??'''?, '. '?'', '.'.??', ?.?.???'', ?.'.?'???, '??? ??'' ??'?? ???'?. ' ?' ?? ??'??? ??. ?''?, '???' : Semantics / D.D.Steinberg, L.A.Jakobovits (eds.), 1971, ' ??''?' ??'??' ?'? ????'' ?? ?????. ?. ': Formal Semantics of Natural Language I E.L.Keenan (ed.), 1975; Semantic Syntax I P.Seuren (ed.), 1974. ???? ?'?', '? ??? ????'??' '? ????' ????' ?'? '????'??? ?'?. ?.: Chomsky N. Reflections on Language, 1976. ? ????'' ?'' ?'?', '? ????, ?'?? ?'?, ???????? ????', '? ?? (????'') +'??'??. ? ????''? ????? ??? ? ?'?, ???? - ?'? ???? ''???'???' ??.: Dougherty R.. Harris and Chomsky at the Syntax-Semantics Boundary// Contemporary research in Philosophical Logic and Linguistic Semantics I D.Hockney, W.Harper, B.Freed (eds.), 1975.

2 '.'.???? ???'?' ??? ?? ????%? ???'? ?????'?'? ? '???? ?.: Fodor J.D. Semantics, 1977; '.'.? ???'?' ??? ? ''???'??? '??? ?.: Katz J.J. Semantic Theory, 1972 ? '??? ??'? ?.: Katz J.J. Propositional Structure and Illocutionary Force, 1977. ?+%? ?+??, ?'????? ? ? ?'?' ???'? +?' ''???'? ?', ??. ?.: Lyons J. Semantics. V. 1-2,1977. '?' ????'???? ???' ????'? ++'??'?? ?'?' ?+?' .?.?????: Kempson R. M. Semantics, 1977. ?. ': Moravcsik J.M.E. Understanding Language, 1975. ????'?? ?????

154 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?? ?? .: Nida .A. Componential Analysis of Meaning, 1975. ?. ': Meaning and Translation I F.Guenthner, M.Guenthner-Reutter (eds.), 1978. ??? ? ???? ?'?'?? : Bar-Hillel Y. Aspects of Language, 1970. ?. ': Ba?erle R. et al. Semantics from Different Points of View, 1979. ???'?? ???? ?'?'?? ??????? ???? ???', ?'?'?? ?.: Processes, Beliefs and Questions I S.Peters, E.Saarinen (eds.), 1981. ?. ': Meaning and Understanding I H.Parret, J.Bouveresse (eds.), 1981. ? ?'??? ??? ?' ? '????'? '??? ??+'?? ?''??'??' ' ?, : Gushing S. Quantifier Meanings, 1982. ?. ': The Monist (1977); Philosophy and Grammar I S.Kanger, S.-hman (eds.), 1980. Co ??? ??'?? ?+?'' '.'.? ?.???'' '??'?????? '??? '??'? ???' (Katz J. J., P. Postal. An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions, 1964), ????' ?'' '????? ? ??+?''? ?'?? ????? '??, '? ???'??? ?'??'? ?'?' ??''? ? '?+??'? ?'??'???, ? ?'' ??'???'? ??? ? '??, ???? ' ?'? ?''?, ?' ? ?'? ''??? ''?? ?.: Newmeyer F.J. Linguistic Theory in America, 1980. ??'' ??'? ???'?, ? ???? ?'????', ? '???, ? ???? ?'????', ? ??'??'?? ??''?' ? ?+???: Development in Semantics l R.Stern, A.Orenstein (eds.), 1981 Leblanc H. et al. Essays in Epistemology and Semantics, 1981. ????'?? ????? ??'?' '?' ?????, ?'??' ?+???'?? ? ??'??% ?'??, ??.: Baker G.P., Hacker P.M. Language, Sense and Nonsense, 1984.

3 ?'' ? ??. : Katz J.J. Logic and Language // Language, Mind and Knowledge I K.Gunderson (ed.), 1975. ?. ': Harmon G. Meaning and Semantics // Semantics and Philosophy I M.Munitz, P.Unger (eds.), 1974. ' ?? ??'? ?+?' ? ?'?' ??''?'?? ?? ?'?? '''?-??'???'. ?.: KatzJ.J. Language and Other Abstract Objects, 1981. '??? ?''? ''?'??? ?? '??? '???' (Katz J.J. Literary Meaning and Logical Theory // JP, 1981) ?? ?'?' ? '?'?? ?'? '???, ?? '???? '??' (??. ?). ? ???? ??. ' ??. 10 ' 5.

4 ?. ''? '' ''???'', ' 17, ??. 20. ' '??  ? '? ?'??? ?+??' ? '?'?? ???, ?? ? '??, '? ?? ??????' '????' ??+ ???????? ?+'?. ?.: Putnam H. Is Semantics Possible? // Language, Belief and Metaphysics l H.E.Kiefer, M.K.Munitz (eds.), 1970 (?? ?+'?). ' +?' ??? ?''? '-?? '???'' (Putman H. Meaning of 'Meaning' // Language, Mind and Knowledge I K.Gunderson (ed.), 1975) ?? ????? +?' +'??'???? ?'???'??, ? ???? ??, ??'???? '????-?'''?', ? '??, '? ? ? ?' ? ?''??. (?+ ??????'' ?''? ?'??? ???? ??' ?+.: Putnam H. Philosophical Papers. V. 2, 1975). ?+?'

????? 155

??'?'?? ?'' ?'?'? ?? ???'???? ?'? ? ? '?+'???? ?'' ??''? : Rundle '. Grammar in Philosophy, 1979. ?'?'? ??? ??+??'''???? ??? ?'? ' : Times Literary Supplement, March 7, 1980. ' ? ''? ''???'? ?'' (Harrison '. Introduction to the Philosophy of Language, 1979) '??? ????? ?'?'' ??'??'????? ?? ?'?, ???? ?'?? ?' ????? ?? ??????' '?'??'?' ?? ???. '? ???, '? ??''?? ''???'' ??'??? ?'?'?'?' ?? ?+?'' ??????? ? ??'???'?? ? ? ?+?'?, ??''? ?.: Baker G., Hacker P. Frege, 1980. ?. ': Hintikka J. Semantics: a Revolt against Frege // Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.), 1981.

5 ? +?' ''???'? ?''? +'' ??+??' ..??????? ??+'??' ? ??? '????'??? ''???'?' (Montague R. Formal Philosophy / R.H.Thomason (ed.), 1974) ? ??? ?'?'? ?? ++'??'?. '.??' ???'' ??? ?? ???'? ???? ?? ?''??, ?+?' ?'??? ?' ?''?: Parie '. Montague Grammar and Transformational Grammar // Par tee B. Linguistic Inquiry, 1975. ?. ' ?''?, ??+???' ? ??' ?+.: Partee '. Montague Grammar, 1976, ???+??? ? ??+'? ?'?? ?: Hamblin . L. Questions in Montague English. ?+??? '?? ???'? ?? ?.: Approaches to Natural Language I K.J.Hintikka (ed.), 1973; Moravcsik J.M.E. Understanding Language, 1975. ?. ' '?? ? ???'? : Stegmuller W. Hauptstrumungen der Gegenwarts-philosophie. V. 2, 1975, a ?'?? ?? ? ?''?: Martin R. M. Why I am not a Montague Grammarian // Martin R.M. Pragmatics, Truth and Language, 1979. ?. ': Hintikka J. On the Proper Treatment of Quantifiers in Montague Semantics // Logical Theory and Semantic Analysis I S.Stenlund (ed.), 1974. '?' ''??? '?'???' ??'???? ? ???'? ??.: Cresswell M.J. Logics and Languages, 1973. ?. ': Linguistics, Philosophy and Montague Grammar I S.Davis, M.Mithun (eds.), 1979; Link G. Montague-Grammatik, 1979.

''?, '???' ?+??? '????'??? ???' ?'?'???? ?'' ? ?. ?.'.??? (Formal Semantics of Natural Language I E.L.Keenan (ed.), 1975), ?''?' ???? ?? ??+'? ?'?? ?+'?', ?? ???' ?'? '?? ???'?. ?. ': Philosophy and Grammar I S.Kanger, S.Uhman (eds.), 1980; Formal Semantics and Pragmatics for Natural Languages I F.Guenthner, S.J.Schmidt (eds.), 1979; Przelecki M. A Model-Theoretic Approach to the Problem of Interpretation of Empirical Languages // Twenty Five Years of Logical Methodology in Poland / M.Przelecki, R.Wojcicki (eds.), 1977. '? ?'' ?+? ??.: Dowty D. et. al. Introduction to Montague Semantics, 1981. ???'? ???'? ???? '?? ???, ?? ?? ?'', '?+' ? ??''': 213 ?'?? ? ?''?

156 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

24 ?'??', ?' ? ?+?' '?': Dowty D. Guide to Montague's PTQ, 1978. ??  ?'?? ?'? ?'? '? +?' '?'??? ? '?? ?????'? '?'. ?. ': Cocchiarella N. Richard Montague// Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.), 1981. ???? '??, '??' +'' ?+???' ??' ????? ???'?, ??.: Cooper R. Quantification and Syntactic Theory, 1983. +?'' ???'? ??? ???? ?+???'?? ''?, '?''?, ' -??? '???. ? ?'? ?'? ?'?'?? +?' ?'??' ?' ''???', +?'??? ?'?? ?'? ?+??? ????' '??? ?????'????' '?'? ?'?, ? ? ' ?''?. ?'?'??'?'?, ?'? ?'???'??'? ?? ??.: Bealer G. Quality and Concept, 1982.

6 -' ?''?? ?'??? ? ?' '?' ???' Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1951). ?? ?? ?+.: Fodor J.A., Katz J.J. The Structure of Language, 1964. ?. ' ??? ? ? ''? ???'?' ??? ???' PR 1943. ????' ?''? ?? ? ?' '? '?? ? ???????? ''???'?,

? ?'???? ?? ' ???? +''? ??'?'?, ?''? ?'? ???. ? '? ?+?' ?'?? ?'????'??? : Church A. An Introduction to Mathematical Logic, 1956. '??'? '???? ?+?' '??'? ??' (Davidson D. Truth and Meaning // Synthese, 1967) '?' ??'??, '? '???'???? ???'? ???? ?????'??'? ? ?'?'??' ?', ?'? ?'' ? ?????? ? ???+'?????, ?? ???? ??'???? ?+?': Parsons . A Semantics for English, 1968. ??'' ??+?''? '?? ' '?' ???'?', ''???', ??''? : Lakoff G. Hedges // Contemporary Research in Philosophical Logic and Linguistic Semantics I D.Hockney et al. (eds.), 1975, ??+'???' '?  ????'?? '..? ?????. ????+?? '? ? ?'? ??+'?'? ?? : Fraassen '. . Van Formal Semantics and Logic, 1971. ?. ' ?+?'' '.-, ?'???' ? ?''?? ?+.: Language and Ontology I W.Leinfellner et al. (eds.), 1982. ?'?' ?' ?''?? ?'?'?? ?'?? ???'?. ' ?? ???'?? ++'??'? '??? -. '?' ?+%?? '?'?? ?''??', ???'????' '.. ??. : Scheffler I. Beyond the Letter, 1979, ' ??. 22 ' 1. ? ?????? ?''?? ? ?'?? '? ???? ??' ?+.: Approaching Vagueness I T.T.Ballmer, M.Pinkal (eds.), 1983. ?. ': Aspects of Vagueness 1 H.J.Skala et. al. (eds.), 1984.

7 ?. ??. 9 10 ' 17 '' '' ''???''. ?? ?????? '? ???+??? ?'? +'' ?+?'' ?.?.?????. ?.: Prior A.N. Time and Modality, 1957, ' ?+??? ? ?''?, ??+'???' ??' ? ??????? ???': Prior A.N. Past, Present and Future, 1967; Prior A.N.. Papers on Time and Tense, 1968; Prior A.N. Objects of Thought, 1976; Prior A.N. Doctrine of Propositions and Terms, 1976; Prior A.N. Papers in

????? 157

Logic and Ethics, 1976; Prior A.N. Worlds, Times and Selves, 1977. ?+%?? ??? ?+?' ????? ??. ???'?, ?????? -.??? (Proceedings of the British Academy, 1970). ' ?+%? ?' ??.: Rescher N., A. Urquart. Temporal Logic, 1971. ???'?? ???'?? ? ????? ?+ ?'???? ?? ????'? '?? ??'???? '??? ??? ?'?'??' ?'. ?., ?'???': Gabbay D.M. Investigations in Modal and Tense Logics, 1976 ?'??? ??? '.?.'???? ? ?'? ?+?'? : International Studies in Philosophy, 1978. '.'?' ?+?' '-?? ?'? ???' ???'?' (Dowty D. Word Meaning and Montague Grammar, 1979) ???' ?+% ???? ???' ???'? ???' ?'' ????? ?'???''??? ???'? ??? '?'?. ???? ''? ?+?'' (Quine W. V. O. Word and Object, 1960) ?'?'' '?' ?'??'? '? ?? '?, '? +'??? ??'???? ' ????, ''?? ????' ??? /', ?? '????? '? ???? ??'? ????' ?'? ??% ?' ? ??????. ?????, ? ?'???? ????? '?? ?'' ?'?? '?, ?'??'?? ????'? ?' '????? '?. ?? ' ????'?? ?+'??' '???; ??.????: Clark R. Concerning the Logic of Predicate Modifiers // Nous, 1970 Parsons T. Some Problems concerning the Logic of Grammatical Modifiers // Synthese, 1970 (??? : Semantics of Natural Language I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1972.) ' +?' ?'??? ??', ??'?' ???? '?? ????', ?' ????' ?????'??' ?.: Rennie M. ?. Some Uses of Type Theory in the Analysis of Language, 1974.

8 ????? ???? ????, ????, ????'??? ? ?''?: Quine W. V.O. Three Grades of Modal Involvement (1953), ?'???? ?.: Quine W. V.O. The Ways of Paradox. 1966. ????? '+?? ??????? ??? ??'??? ?'? ''?'??' ? ?+??? ? ?. '??? '????: Reference and Modality I L.Linsky (ed.), 1971, ???%? ?+?????, ?? '? '+?????? ++'??'?. ? ?''? ?'?? ?+??? ?+?'???? ????? '' ?+?' ' .?'? '??-''? ' (Kaplan D. Quantifying In), ?'??? ?' +'' ??+'?? ?+.: Words and Objections I D.Davidson, J.Hintikka (eds.), 1969. ?????' '?'' ??+??' ?+.: Zabeeh et al. Readings in Semantics, 1974. '???? ?'?'? ?+???: The Logic of Grammar I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1975. ???+??? ???? '?? ??????' ????? ? ??'???? '? ??. ? .'?? ???? ?+.: Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.). V. 1.

9 ?' ?? ?'' ?-'? ?? '?' 1970- ?'. ?.: New York Times. August 14, 1977. ' ???' 18-' '' ?? ??+'?' ??? ??? ?''?? '??? ?'??'' '? ??'???? '?' (Kripke S. A Completeness Theorem of Modal Logic // JSL, 1959). ? ?''? ? ??'???? '?, ?'??? ?', ?+????' ? ??'? ???; ? ???'-

158 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

? ?'' +'' ??+'??' ???': Zeitschrift f?r mathematische Logik, 1963; Ada Philosophica Fennica, 1963, The Theory of Models I J.Addison, L.Henkin, A.Tarski (eds.), 1965. ''??? ?' ?''? ?? ?+.: Reference and Modality I L.Linsky (ed.), 1971. ?+??? '??, ?? ?? ???' '????' ???' ??'''??? ?'?'?? '?+-???? ? ??, ??.: Mates '. Leibniz on Possible Worlds // Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science I B. van Rootselaar, J.F.Staal (eds.), 1968. ??? ? ??'??' ???' ?????? ?? ??? ?+?' '-?? ??+????'?' (1947), ? ?'??? '?? '?''' ''??'??, ???%? ??'' ? '????' ?'??? '', % ?? ?'? ???' ??'??' ?.?.'???. ' ??%?'??' ?' ???' ?? +'' ???%? ?.: Kanger S. Probability in Logic, 1957. ?? ???? ??' ?? +'' ?? ??. (??? ??+'?' ??? ?+?'? '??'??.) ? ??'???? '? '?? ??. ??. 9 ' 17 '' '' ''???''. ? ', '? %%' ??'???? '?? ?' ?' ????, ?+?' ?+''???? +'' ?' '?? (????). ?????' ?+?'', ????? ? ?'?? ????, ??+'??' ?.: Reference and Modality I L.Linsky (ed.), 1971 Zabeeh et al Readings in Semantics. (' 7), 1974. ?. ': Scott D. Advice on Modal Logic // Philosophical Problems in Logic I K.Lambert (ed.), 1970; Lemmon E.J., Scott

D. Introduction to Modal Logic, 1977; The Possible and the Actual I MJ.Loux (ed.), 1979; ?? ?'' ??+'''?? ?.: S toy J. Denotational Semantics, 1977. ?. ': Haack S. Philosophy of Logics, 1978.

10 ''?? ??? +'' ?' ??+'?? (? ???? ?') ???' 'Studia Philosophica', No. 1, 1935, ?'??? ?? ?' ?.: Polish Logic l S.McCall (ed.), 1967. ?. ': Bar-Hillel Y. Language and Information, 1964; Semiotics in PolandI J.Pel (d.), ?'??? ?? 1978; Church A. A Formulation of the Simple Theory of Types // JSL, 1940; Church A. The calculi of Lambda-co version, 1941. ? '?????? ??. : Luschei

E. . The Logical Systems of Lsniewski, 1962. ' ?'?? ??'?' ???+? ?'?' ???'?'? ?+?'? ?.???'' ''? ?'' (Cresswell M. Logics and Languages, 1973). ?. ': SzrednickiJ., Rickey V. Lesniewski's Systems, 1983.

11 '???'' ?+'?? ??'?'?? ????? ??; ?? ?'? '??' ?+?'' ??'? ? ??'?''?. ?., ????: Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics I J.R.Searle (ed.), 1982; Levinson S.C. Pragmatics, 1982. ? ???? ??' ??.: Sprachpragmatik und Philosophie l K.-O.Apel (ed.), 1976, ??. 10 ' l. ? ?'???? ??' ??.: Ajdukie-wicz ?. Pragmatic Logic, 1965 (?'??? ?? 1974). ? ??'?? ? '??, '? ??' ?'? ??'??? '?'? ?+??? ?-?'??'? '????, ???'? '' ?+?'' '?-''': Bar-Hillel Y. Indexical Expressions // Mind, 1954, ????? ?.: Bar-Hillel Y.

????? 159

Aspects of Language, 1970. ?. ': Pragmatics oj* Natural Languages T?.Bar-Hillel (ed.), 1971 ; Stalnaker R. C. Pragmatics // Semantics of Natural Lan-guage ? D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1972; ?'' ? '??'' : Lan-guage in Focus I A.Kasher (ed.), 1976 Formal Semantics of Natural Language I E.L.Keenan (ed.), 1975; Martin R.M. Pragmatics, Truth and Language, 1979. ??? ???? ?? ??'????, ???'?? ??'?? ?? ?+%? '??' ??.: Pel J. The Place of the Philosophy of Language // Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.), 1981. ?. ': The Journal of Pragmatics (c 1977) Seilars W. Pure Pragmatics and Possible Worlds / J.Sicha (ed.), 1980, ?'? ?' ?+?'' '?' ?? ????? '' ?+'.

12 '?+%? ???'' '??? ??+'?? ?+.: Semantics of Natural Language I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1972. ? ?''?? '', ?' ???'' ??. : On Noam Chomsky I G.Harman (ed.), 1974. '?' ?'?''?, '? ??'??? '?? ? '????? ??? ?'''?? ?' '??'?-???? ???' ?'. ''? ?' ???'? ??'?? ?'?' ?-?????'?: '?'' ?' ???? ?'??? S ?'''?? ? ????''? '??? ??+??'''???? ????', ?'???? ???? '? ????'. ? '??'?-???? ???' ??.: Hintikka J. Logic, Language Games, and Information, 1973; Saarinen E. Game-Theoretical Semantics, 1979; Formal Semantics and Pragma-tics for Natural Languages I F.Guenthner, S.J.Schmidt (eds.), 1979. ?' ??'' ??? ???'? ? ??'????'? ??'?? '?'?' ?' ''??'??. % ??? ????? '?? ? ?'?'?? ''??? '?' '???? (Lorenzen P. and K. Dialogische Logik, 1978). ?'???? '??? '? ? ?'?' '? ????', ??''???, ????, ''???'??? '?. ?+ ??'??? ? '?? ??.: Saarinen E. et al. Essays in Honour of J.Hintikka, 1979. '??? ??', '? ??? '??? ???? ? ???' ?? ?+?? ?+?': Stenius E. Mood and Language Game // Synthese , 1967. ''? '??? ??+'??' ?+???: Lewis D. Philosophical Papers, 1983. ???? '??, ??' +''? ??'??? ? '??? ????, ??.: New Literary History 1981 1983 ., ???'?? ?''? ?'??? '???. ??'? ? '?? ????? ??. : Jones A. J. Communication and Meaning, 1983.

13 '??? ?' ???'+?'? ????'?', '? ?'???? ? ??%?'?' ??, ??? ??. ?? ????' ?????, ?? ?''?? '? ?' ???'??'???? ????'??': Goodman N. Steps towards a Constructive Nominalism // JSL, 1947. ?? ?' ???? ?'??' ?' ????'?, '?? ?? ?? ?+ '??'?'?? ?+?''??'', '? '??? ??''?? ??'? ????'?? ? ??. ?. '?'? ? ''??'??' ?'??' (Goodman N. The Structure of Apperance, 1977) ? ???? ?''?? '.''?? '???+'?' ??''' (Goodman N. Problems and Projects, 1972).

160 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

' ?' ''??'? ???'??, '??' ????? '??? ? ''??? '?+??', ??. ?''? JP 1966-1967 ., '?? ????'? ???? '??? ?''?? '. '???? '??''??' ??+''?' (Davidson D. Mental Events // JP, 1970), ?'???? '? ?.: Davidson D. Essays on Action and Events, 1980. ??? '??? '?????'? '? ?'?? ??''?' '?' '', '? '??' JP ??''?'?? ? ????' '????, ?'? ? ??? ?+' ?+?'' ????'?' ? ? ?''??. ? ????'? '??? ??.: DummetR M. Truth and other Enigmas, 1980, ? ??' ? '??'?? ?+???' (Dummen M. Critical Notice // Mind, 1955) ?''? PR 1956 1957 . ? ????'? '?? ??.: The Monist, 1978. ? ???' ?'??? '??? ???? ??'? ? ? ?+?': Goodman N. Of Mind and Other Matters, 1984.

14 ???+?? ????'????, ?? +'' ??? ???'? ???? ?'?'???? ''???' '?? ??????, ?? ?'' ?' ????'??? +?'???? ?'? ??? ? ?? ??' ?'? ??'?', ? +?'??? ?' ??'??. ? '?' ?'???''??? ???'???' ?+?' ?'?? '??' ?: Mackie J. Truth, Probability and Paradox, 1973, ?'??? ??'??? ???%? ???????. ' ?? ???'?? ?' '??? ????' ???. ' ?+?' '??' ?'????' (Mackie J. The Cement of the Universe, 1974) ?? ??+''' ??'???? '??? ?????'. ?. ': Causation and Conditionals I E.Sosa (ed.), 1975, ' ??? ???' ?''? ? ?????' ?''? '?'?? ?.: Anderson J. Studies in Empirical Philosophy, 1962. ?+ ?????? ??. ' ??. 10 ' ? '' '' ''???''. ? ??'??% '??? ?????' ??.: Bunge M. The Revival of Causality // Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.). V. 2, 1982 Niiniluoto I. Statistical Explanation // Op. cit. ??' '?' ????'??'?? ?.: Skyrms '. Causal Necessity, 1980.

15 ?'? ????? ???? ????'??? ? ??: Harper W. L. et al. Ifs, 1981. ' ?'??  ? ?+??'?? '??? ????'? ? ?'? ???? ?+ ??'???? ???'???', ?'?? ?+??? ??'?' '???. ?. ': Nute D. Topics in Conditional Logic, 1980; Harper W.L. et al. Ifs, Conditio-nals, Belief, Decision, Chance and Time, 1980. ? ?'? ??' '??? ???'???' (??+?'???, ???????? ? ???' ??? ?'?????') '??? ??? ?'??'?? ??' ''??? ??''. ?. ' ??. 12 ' 5. ? ?+???' ??+'? '?'? ?'?'?? ???? ? '??, ???? ' '? ?? ?+????? ??'?''?? ?+'?'? ??'??'? '?'???, ??'??? '? ?'?? ??'?? ?'????' ', ?'?' '??? -''?, '??'?? ??'???''. ?. ??? ?? '.-''???, ?.'?????? -.??? AJP 1984 .

16 '??? '' ??? '??? ???? ?''?: Lewis D. Counterpart Theory and Quantified Modal Logic // JP, 1968.  ???? ?'?'; ??., ????: Plantinga A. The Nature of Necessity, 1974; ??. ?'??? ??? ?.??? Mindza 1975 ., ' ??: D.Nute (Nous, 1975);

????? 161

Haack (RM, 1976); P.M. and JJ.Katz (PR, 1977). ?. ' ? ? ???. ' +?' ????? ?' ??. ': Pollock J.L. Subjunctive Reasoning, 1976. ? +?' ??? ?+?' ? ??'?''?? '?'??? ??. ??. 21 ' 18 '' '' ''???'', ' ???? ?''?? ?.. ??? ?? 1976 . ? '.??+ '-??', ??'????' ??'?''? '?'??' (Reichenbach H. Laws, Modalities and Counterfactuals), ?'??? ???'??? +'' ??+'?? ? ??? '????'?? '?'?? ???'?' ??' ?'?? ?'? ??'??? ? ??+'? ??'?''? '?'??. '??? '?'??'? ? ???''?' ?+?' ??: Chisholm R. Identity through Possible Worlds // Nobis, 1967. ?. ' ??'??'?: Bradley R.t Swartz N. Possible Worlds, 1979. '?? ??+'?' ?'???? ???' ????' ??? ?+'?? ???' ? ??'??'? '???? ?????'??'? ??'???. ?.: StalnakerR. Indexical Belief // Synthese, 1981 ; Bigelow J. Believing in Semantics // Bigelow J. Linguistics and Philosophy, 1978. ??'?? ????'? ?? ??'? ???' ????' ???, ??+?'??' ?.????, ?.???''?? ?. ''? ?' ??.: The Possible and the Actual /M.Loux (ed.), 1979. ? ?'?'? ?'?, ????' ??' ' ??'???'?? ??'? '? +'??? ??'??'? ???'? ?? ??'?? ??'??'? '??. ?., ????: Deontic Logic l R.Hilpinen (ed.), 1970; New Studies in Deontic in Deontic Logic, 1981.

17 ''?' ?? ???? ?+??'??, ?? ?'??? ? '???'? ??????? ??+???. ?'? ????'? ? ?'?? '??? '?? ?? ? ?+.: Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds I S.P.Schwartz (ed.), 1977, ???'?? +?' ????? ?''?? ?? '??'? ??+????'?' (1971). ?. ' ?????'??' ?''? Philosophical Studies JP, ??? ? 1973 ., ' Midwest Studies in Philosophy (1976, 1977). '???? ?'?? ?+'?', ???? ? ??, ????? ''??'???' ?+???: Necessary Truth l J.Woods, L.W.Sumner (eds.), 1969. '??'????? ??'?? ??+????', ???+??? ???''??? '?'?, ??.: PlantingaA. The Nature of Necessity, 1974. ? ??? ?? ????'??? ??'???? '??? ??.: Nous, 1967 ?''?? .'.???? ? ??'???? '? ?+.: Contemporary Philosophy l G.F10istad (ed.), 1981. ?. ' ????'? ? ??? ?? : Wiggins D. Sameness and Substance, 1980. ?'? ?+?' .??+ '??+????'?, ?? ?' (Sorabji R. Necessity, Cause and Blame, 1980) ??????? ??''?' ??+?? ????'?? ? ???'?''?, ?? ???? ???'?? ?'???? ??. ?. ' ??. 9 ' 3 ? ??'???? '? ??. ?'??? .?????-??, '? '? ??+?''??? ?'?'?? ????'?'???; ??.: Parsons . Essentialism and Quantified Modal Logic // PR, 1969. ''?? ?''?? ??, ?''?? ?????? ?? ?' ?''? ??+'??' ?+.: Reference

162 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

and Modality I L.Linsky (ed.), 1971. ?'?'??'?' ??' ??.: Meaning, Reference and Necessity I S.Blackburn (ed.), 1975.

18 ?.: Kripke S. Is There a Problem about Substututional Quantification // Truth and Meaning I G.Evans, J.McDowell (eds.), 1976. ?'?' ?' ?''?? ?? ??''?' ??+?? ?'? ?'??%? ?+?'' '.??''?: Wallace J. On the Frame of Reference // The Semantics of Natural Language I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1972. '?? ??''? ?' % ?? ''???', ? '??, ?'? ???'??%?? '?' +?, ?''??? ??, ? ??'??' ??'?'? ? ??'??? ??????' ?+'.

19 ?+ ?? ??+?'??' ??. ': Sear le J. Proper Names // Mind, 1958 '???? ?' ?'?? '?' ?.: Searle J. Speech Acts, 1969. ?'? ? ??'?'?? +' ? '?, ?? '?' ? '?'. '???'??'? ?? ??+?'??? '?-'? ?+???%, ?' ???' ??, ?' ?' ??''? ?'????'? ??'??' ??'?' '?'??, ??% ??'???? ?'???, ?? ?'?, ?'?, ? ?' ?'?'? ?' '?'?? '  ?''?, '?  ???? ??''??' (??? ???. ?''.?.). ?. ' '? ?''? ?..'???''?: Donnellan K.S. Reference and Definite Descriptions // PR, 1966; Donnellan K.S. Proper Names and Identifying Descriptions // Synthese, 1970; Donnellan K.S. Speaking of Nothing // Contemporary Research in Philosophical Logic I D.Hockney et al. (eds.), 1975, ' Kripke S. Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference // Midwest Studies, 1977. '???''? ??'' '?? ?'??? ? ?'??'???? ?? ??????' ''???'? ?' % ??? '??? ?'?'?? '.?'?, ?' ? ? ?+?'', ?'? ? ??'?? '???+'???'', ???? ??''?'??, ?? ?'??, ??%? ? ??'?? ?????, ?'?? ?'???, '??? ?+??' ??'??. ?. ': Peacocke . Proper Names, Reference and Rigid Designation // Meaning, Reference and Necessity I S.Blackburn (ed.), 1975; ZiffP. About Proper Names // Mind, 1977; Lincky L. Names and Descriptions, 1977. ' ??? ?+?' '??' '??' (Dummitt M. Frege, 1973) ' '??' ?? ?'? ????'? ? ??? '?? ?? ?+ ?? ??+?'??'; ?? ': Dummitt M. Truth and Other Enigmas, 1978. ?? ?'' ?? ??'? '-??? ??+????''. ??? ?' ????? +'' ???'' ??'?? -''?? ? '??'??? ?'' (ZiffP. Semantic Analysis, 1960) ?'' ' '????? ?????' (Ziff P. Understanding Understanding, 1972). ???? ??''? ? +?' ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ??+?'??' ???? ???''? ? ?''??? ?+ '?? ????' : The Logic of Grammar I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1975, ? '??' +???' ?+?'' ??', ???? +?' ?? ?''? .' (1973) '.?'-? (1970), ' ? ?'? ? '?'??' : Semantics I D.Steinberg, LJakobovits (eds.), 1971. ?'?'???, ?? '??'' ?'???'?? ?'?? '???. ?., ????: Sloat . Proper Names in English // Language, 1969,

????? 163

'??, ??+?? ???, ???+'?' ?? ??+?'??' ??''??'? ??%?'''??'?. ?. ': Mates '. On the Semantics of Proper Names // Ut Videaml W.Abraham (ed.), 1975. ?. ?'?'? ? (Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds I S.P.Schwartz (ed.), 1977) ?'??%?? ????? '? ?''??: Evans G. The Causal Theory of Names // PASS, 1973. ''?? ' '??? '??'?' (Geach . . Names and Identity // Mind and Language I S.Guttenplan (ed.), 1975) ??????? ???%? ??, ?? '?? ?'?' ?' ?? '?'? '??, '? ?''? ???. ?'???'??-'??'?? ??'?? ??. : Vendler Z. Linguistics in Philosophy, 1967. '??'????' '??? ?? ??+?'??' ?? ??'?' '???''??; '????? ?? +'' ?' ?.'''??; ??.: Devin M. Designation, 1981.

?'??? ??+'?', ????' ? ??'???? ??'?' ????, ????' ???+?? '???? ? ??'?? ?? ??+?'??', ?? '?''?' '???', ?' ??'? ?'?'?? ?'? ??'?-??. ?? ?'?? '? ??.: Kripke S. A Puzzle about Belief// Meaning and Use I A.Margalit (ed.), 1979.

20 ? ?'?'??' ??. ??? ?''? : Putnam H. Mind, Language and Reality, 1975, ???%???? ? ''???? ' ???'?' ('Is Semantics Possible?') '??%??, ?? ?'??'? ??''? ? ??, '-?? '???'' ('Meaning of 'Meaning''), a ' ??.: W. V. ?. Quine. Natural Kinds // Naming, Necessity and Natural Kinds I S.P.Schwartz (ed.), 1977; Mellor D.H. Natural Kinds // BJPS, 1977 ??' '? ?+?'' '? '??.

? ????' '??? ??.: Mass Terms l F.J.Pelletier (ed.), 1979.

?+ ?? ??+????' ??.: Sousa de R.B. Kripke on Naming and Necessity// Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 1973; Chandler H.S. Rigid Designation /UP, 1975; ( ???+???) Salmon N. Reference and Essence, 1982. ?..' ??? ?+?' '??? '??'?' (Geach P. . Names and Identity // Mind and Language I S.Guttenplan (ed.), 1974) ?'???'?? ?'?' '?'??? ??'? ??'??? '???? ?? ??+?'??' ??''??' ??%?'''??''.

21 ?????'? ??. ?''?? JP 1974. ?''?? '??, ???? ? ?+.: Philosophy of Logic / S.Krner (ed.), 1976, ?????? ??? ?????'??? ? +?' ??? '?? ??+'?. '??' %'? ?? ??. ' ?''?: Nagel . What it is like to be a bat? // PR, 1974, ?'???? : Nagel T. Mortal Questions, 1979.

'' 4

1 ' ?' ?+%? ?? '???'? ?'?? ??'', ' '???'? '???? '??' ??.: Platts M. Ways of Meaning, 1979; Truth and Meaning I G.Evans, J.McDowell (eds.), 1976; Reference, Truth and Meaning l M.Platts (ed.), 1980. ? ?'? +?' ?? ??'??? ?'????'??:

164 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

Peacocke . Holistic Explanation, 1979; Loar '. Mind and Meaning, 1981 ?' ?'? %' ???????? ?? ???; ????'?? ??? ?+?' '. -??: Evans G. The Varieties of Reference / J.McDowell (ed.), 1982. ?. ' ??? ???? ? ?? ? ?. -?? ????' (/, 1977). ' ?+?' ?.'?? (Davies M. Meaning, Quantification, Necessity, 1981) ?''?? ?'???''??? ''??????'? ??. ??'????'? ?'? ?+?' ?'?? ??' ''???'?, ???, ? ???? ?'????', ???, ?' ??'? ????'??' ? '?', ? ???? ?' ? ???, +? ?'? ???? ?? ?'????? ??????????'?? ?''?, ?' +' ?? ?'??'?? +?'?? ??''? ??? ??, ? ?+???'? . ???'''??'? ???'?'? ?+?? ????? ?'???''??? '??'?', ??? ?'??' ???'?? ? ?'?? ???' 'The Monist' (1979), ??'?? ?''? ????, -??, '?????.

2 ? '???? ????? ?'?'?? ??'''??? ? ', '? ?' ? ?? '??, ' ? ', '? ?''' ? . ? ??? ?? ?'???'?? +?'????'? ''???'?, ??????'' ' 2 ''? '' ''???''. ''??'? ??+''?' ???' ???'?? ?''? ?'?, ?'???' ?'' .?.??? ? ????? ? ??+''?.

3 ???, ????? ??'?? '?????, '???? ?'' '???'??? ??????'. '???? ?+ ???, ???' ? ? ??+?'??'?, ?? ??'''?? ? ?+?'? .?'? '?'?' (Nagel T. Physicalism // PR, 1965) ?? ?.?.'????? '?+? ?'?' (Strawson P.F. Freedom and the Will / D.Pears (ed.), 1963). ?? ??'''?? ? '?? '??' '????-?'?, ?? ???+??? ? ????' .

4 ????? ?, ??????'' ??. 1 ??'??%? ', ?+% ?+??? ???' '???? ???? ??' ?+?': Hacking I. Why does Language Matter to Philosophy? 1975; Kempson R.M. Semantic Theory, 1977; Harrison B. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language, 1979; Lacey A.R. Modern Philosophy, 1982; Peacocke C., Hintikka J. II Contemporary Philosophy / G.F10istad (ed.). ''?? '???? '??'? ??' (Truth and Meaning') ?' ??'?? 'Synthese' (1967) +'' ?? ?+???: Readings in the Philosophy of Language I J.F.Rosenberg, C.Travis (eds.), 1971. ''?? '???? ''?, '?' (On Saying That') ??' ? ????'??? ???? ??'?? ?' ?+.: Words and Objections I D.Davidson, J.Hintikka (eds.), 1969, '? +'' ?'? ??' ?? ?''?? '??' '? ?'?'??' ?'?' ??? ?''??? ? ?'? '??, ?'???' ?? ?''?? '.??? ''??? '???', ?: The Logic of Grammar I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1975. ''?? '' %'? ??? ' ??. : Truth, Syntax and Modality I H.Leblanc (ed.), 1973; ''???? ?'??'?' ??. ???' 'Dialectica' (1973). ?'' '???? ???'?? ??. ?+.: Truth and Meaning I G.Evans, J. McDowell (eds.), 1976. ?. ': Putnam H. The Meaning of Meaning, 1975, ?????

????? 165

?+.: Putnam H. Philosophical Papers. V. 2,1975; Chihara .H. Truth, Meaning and Paradox // Nous, 1976. ??, ?'? ??, ?+??? '?? '???? +''? ?'??? ????, '?+' ???? +''? ? ??''?. ?? ?'' '???? ????? 'Synthese' (1974).

5 '??? ??'?? ? ??+?' ''?? ?'?' '? ??'??' ?'?' (Taylor '. A Truth-theory for Indexical Languages // Reference, Truth and Reality l M.Platts (ed.)) ??'' '????? '? '?? ???, '? ???? ?'???? '??%?'?' ?? '???'??'? ?' ('+?'? ?'???'), ?'???? ? '?????'??' ?'??? ?'?? ??', ? ???? ??, ??? ?'?? ('+??? ?'??')', ? ?'?? '?????'?' ?'???' ???' ? ??+?'? ?'?? '??'?''????'?? ???? '???'????, ??????% ?? ?'???'. -'? ??'''??? ??? ????' ?????. ?'?-'?, ?????, ?????'?? ??+??? ?'??'. ?. '???? ? ??-??? ?+?' '??' '? ?'?'??' ?'?'.

6 '?' ??+'?? 'Dialectica' (1977), ?? : Reference, Truth and Reality I M.Platts (ed.). ?. ? ???'?? '?'???' '??' ?'.: Hintikka J. Semantics for Propositional Attitudes // Philosophical Logic I J.W.Davis et al. (eds.), 1969; Leeds S. Theories of Reference and Truth // Erkenntnis, 1978; Demonstrative and Indexical Reference I E.Saarinen (ed.), 1981.

7 ? ???? ??. ??. 16 ' 17 '' '' ''???''. ??%??'? ??' ?''? '????' ?'?'' ?'?? ?+.: The Logic of Grammar I D.Davidson, G.Harman (eds.), 1975. '??, ?''' ? '? ''?'?? '?'? ????, ?, ? ?'??? ?'??? ?'????'. ??'?' ???? ?+??? ?'????'?? '?? ????, ??? ?'? ?'?? (JP, 1972), ? ?'? ? '??, '? ??? ??? ?' ?'?? ??? ???'?? ???'??, ?' ??'' + ???% -'+? ???'? ???'?. +?' ?'? +'' ?? ?: Reference, Truth and Reality I M.Platts (ed.), 1980, ???? ? ?'?? ????''. ?. ' '?? '?? ???? ?.: Quine W. V. Philosophy of Logic, 1970.

8 ????? ''???? ?'??'' ??. ' ?''?? '???? '?'?'? ??' (Davidson D. Thought and Talk // Mind and Language I S.Guttenplan (ed.), 1975) ???? ? ?'??? ?+?'?? '.?'''?'?. ????? ''???' ?'''?'? ???? ?' ? ???????? ''???' '? ?' ?'??'?? ???'? '?????'?? ?''??? ''???'?. ?. ? ?+?'?: F0llesdal D. An Introduction to Phenomenology for Analytic Philosophers // Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia I R.E.Olsen, A.M.Paul (eds.), 1972. ''?? ???? ??????'?? '? ? ? ?. '?''?'? ?'?'??? ????? ?? ? '??? ?+??? ?'?. ?? ???? '????, ???'????'? ?? ?' ? ?'?'? ?? ??, ?'' ????.

166 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

9 '???? ? ?????'??' ??'?? ???'' ???? ?+??'???. ? ??'???????? ?? ??.: ' dick H. A Logical Form for the Pripositional Attitudes // Synthese, 1982, ? ????'??? ????.

10 '?'????'? ?''? '??', ??+'???' ? 1976 ., '??' ? ?? '??'? ?? ' (1978). ' ?''? ? '?? ??? ??+'??' : Mind and Language I S. Guttenplan (ed.), 1975, ? ' '??' ?' ?''? -????, '????, ' ?'''?-'?, ' ?' ?+.: Truth and Meaning I G.Evans, J.McDowell (eds.), 1976. ' ?'?? ?+??? ?+???'?? ??'??' ?'' '?? '??', ??? +?' ???+?? ?+??? ???? ??' : Reference, Truth and Reality I M.Platts (ed.), 1980. ''?? '??' '?? ?'? ??'?'' ('Science and Commonsense') ??. ?+.: Perception and Identity I G.F.Macdonald (ed.), 1979 ??' ? ?''?? ???.

? ''???'?, ???% +'?? '??'? ??, ?'? ??'????' ? ?'????? ??? ?'?, ?'?' ??????'? ???-? ?'. ?. ? ????? ? ???? ??'???? ?'???''??? '??'?? ?'? ?'????'': Wright . Truth Conditions and Criteria // PASS, 1976, ' ?'? ??? '????? ? ??''???? '?'?'? (PAS, 1977). ' ?'?? ?'???? ?' ' ?+?' ?' '''??'?? ?+ ?????? ?'?'' (Wright . Wittgenstein on the Foundations of Mathematics, 1980) ? %' '?'? (Synthese, 1982). ?+ ??'?+'? ?? ??.: Meaning and Use I A.Margalit (ed.), 1979. ??'?'? '??' ??? ?? ?? '?'???' ''??'?? ????'??'?? ?'.: McDowell J. Criteria, Defeasibility and Knowledge // '?, 1982; '?  ??'?? ??'' ?: McDowell J. Anti-realism and the Epistemology of Understanding // Meaning and Understanding I H.Parret, J.Bouveresse (eds.), 1981 Wright C. Anti-realist Semantics // Idealism: Past and Present I G.Vesey (ed.), 1982.

11 ? ???' ?' ??. ??. 12 ' 3.

12 ' ?' '??? ?'?? ?? ?+??? ? '?'?? '??', ?? ?? ??? ?? ?'?'? ?'?'?'? '? ???? ???' 'Synthese' 1982 ., ???%??' ?'?? '?. ???? ??? ?'? '??' ??.: Devitt M. Dummett's Anti-realism // JP, 1983. ''' ? ?' ??????' ????'??? ?? ?''?? '??' 1982 .

?? ????? ? ?????' ??. ': Quine W. V.O. What Price Bivalence? // Quine W. V.O. Theories and Things, 1981.

'' 5

1 ? '??? ??. '? ??. 13 ' 3. ??? ? '?' '? ?+?' ???? '??' : Goodman N. Problems and Projects, 1972. ??? ?'?' '???, ?' ?'? +?' ?'? ?' '??', : Ayer A.J.

????? 167

Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, 1982. ''??'??? ?'??' ?'?' ''? '?'?? ? (Goodman N. The Structure of Appearence, 1977), ?'?? ?? ? '.''??. '??' ?+??' '? ?''?? (???'??? ??+'???' 1955-1957 .), ?'??' ? ? '??'? ?? ' (Dummen M. Truth and Other Enigmas). ???? ?'?' '??? : Quine W. V.O. Theories and Things, 1981. ? ?? '??? ????'? ?'?' ..'??+?, ?? ?+?' '?????'? ''??' (Gombrich E.H. Art and Illusion, 1960) ' ???? ????+?'?' '???, '?+' '??? ????' ?'' ??'????? ??? ' ''???'?. ??? ??+?'??? ?''?? '?????'? ?'?' (Pass-more J. Art and Truth // Tanner Lectures on Human Values. 3, 1982) ??'??' ?' +' ?? '???, ??'??' ?? ?? ?', ?'? ?? +'' ??? ???? ?' ??. ?. ' ?+??? ?' '? '?'? '''??? ???' 'Synthese' 1980 . ?'' '???. ??'????, '? '?'? ??'' '??? ? ???'??. ?. ' +?' ??+?''??' ????'? '? ?'??? ???' JP 1979 .

2 ?. ': Popper ?. Realism and the Aim of Science, 1983. ??'? ? ?? ??.: Fey er abend P. Popper's Objective Knowledge' // Fey er abend P. Philosophical Papers. V. 2,1981. ?'?'???, ? +'' ?'??' ??'''?? ???'? ??? + ???? ??'??. ?.: Bloor D. Popper's Mystification of Scientific Knowledge // Science Studies, 1974. ?. ' +?' ?? ????'? ??. 27 ' 17 '' '' ''???''.

3 -' ?''??, ??+?? ???'?? ??? '?'???'? ?+?'' (Putnam H. Philosophical Papers), ? ?'?? ? ?+'?'??; ??? ?'? ? ?'? '? ?+'.

? ?? ?'?', ? ?'?'?? ????? ? ???+'?'?? ?''??'? ??? ', ' ?????'?? ''???' ?'?' ''??'?? ??.: ''? '' ''???''; Poly a G. Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning, 1954; Lakatos I. Proofs and Refutations, 1976, Lakatos I. Mathematics, Science and Epistemology, 1978 ?' ???'??' ? ?+' +'' BJPS (1963?'1964); Lehman H. Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics, 1979; Kitcher P. The Nature of Mathematical Knowledge, 1983. ?'??? ??'''?? ? ??'?, ? ? ''??.

?? ''?? ?' ??'?? ''? ?'?'??? ?'?''?'. ?? ?..????? ?' ??? ?+?'? '??' ?'?''?' (Hanson N.R. Patterns of Discovery, 1958), ??? ? % ?'' ??? ??+?? ????%??? ?', ????? ??+?? ?? '??'?'?? ?+??????' '??'?'?? ?'?''?' ????? ? ?? ?? ? '??, '? '?'?? ?'? ??''?' ??-'+? ?'?? '? ''???' ??. '? ?'?? ?'???? ?'?, ??., ????: Simon H.A. Models of Discovery, 1977; Scientific Discovery, Logic and Rationality I T.Nickles (ed.), 1980 Scientific Discovery, 1980; On Scientific Discovery I M.D.Grmek et ai. (eds.), 1981.

168 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

4 ?. ' ??. 29 ' 20 '' '' ''???''. '?' ?? '??' ?'??  ???? ?+'?' ??'??'?? ?''? .'.??' ?.'.''' ? ?''? ?.?.?''' : Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.). V. 2,1982.0 ???'???'-??? ??.: Bunge M. Philosophy of Physics, 1973 ??? ?? ? '??', ???+?? ??''??' : Scientific Philsophy Today I J.Agassi, R.S.Cohen (eds.), 1981, ?? ?+???? ++'??'? ?+?' '??; Swinburne R. Space and Time, 1968, ??+?'??? ? 1980; Lucas J.R. A Treatise on Time and Space, 1973; Sklar L. Space, Time and Spacetime, 1974; Hinckfuss I. The Existence of Space and Time, 1975; Nerlich G. The Shape of Space, 1976; Earman J. et al. Foundations of Space-Time Theories, 1977; Margenau H. Physics and Philosophy, 1978; Space, Time and Causality I R.Swinburne (ed.), 1982; ?'??'? ???? ???' 'Synthese' 1982 . ? ??? '?'???'? ??+'?' ???????? ''; Space, Time and Mechanics I D.Mayr, G.Sossman (eds.), 1982.

??? ?' ?+?' ' ???' ??'???, ??%?? ?'??? ??. ??? ??. ' '? ??.7 ' 1 ??? '??: Contemporary Research in the Foundations and Philosophy of Quantum Theory I C.A.Hooker (ed.), 1973; Jammer M. The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, 1974; Quantum Mechanics I L. J.Lopes, M.Patey (eds.), 1977; Bohm D. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, 1980; Studies in the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics I P.Suppes (ed.), 1980; Fey er abend P.K. Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method, 1981; Popper K.R. Postscript, 1982, ???+??? Popper K.R. Quantum Theory and the Schism in Physics.

?. ' ???' ?+?'': Reichenbach H. Selected Writings, 1900?'1953.1978 Mehlburg H. Time, Causality, and the Quantum Mechanics, 1980.

???+?? ???? ''???'? ??, ?'??? '?'? ?+??? ?????'?' ?? ??? ? '?? ??? ?'??? ??, '??'?? '. ?? ??' ?''? ?+ ??? +?'?? . ?.: ?''?? '.'.'' : Contemporary Philosophy l G.F10istad (ed.), 1982, ' Hull D. L. Philosophy of Biological Science, 1974; Ruse M. Philosophy of Biology, 1973; Studies in the Philosophy of Biology I FJ.Ayala, Th.Dobzhansky (eds.), 1974; The Philosophy of Evolution I U.J.Jensen, R.Harre (eds.), 1981.

'?' ???? ?+?? ''???' ?? ??.: Current Research in Philosophy of Science I P.Asquith, H.Kyburg (eds.), 1979; Passmore J.A. Why Philosophy of Science? // Science under Scrutiny I R.W.Home (ed.), 1983; Harr R. An Introduction to the Logic of the Sciences. 2nd edition, 1983, ? '??? ?????'?? ???'???? ??.

5 ?. ??. 33 ' 17 '' '' ''???''. ?+%? ?? '??? ??? ??+?' ???? ??.: SneedJ.D. The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics, 1971, ' Simon H.A. Models of Discovery, 1977.

????? 169

6 ??? ?' ', ?'?? ?'????, ??? ? '?? ? ''???'? ?? +''? ?''??'?. ' ???? ? ????????' ? '??? ??' ? '??? ???+?, ?? ???? ? '''????' '????'???? ??' ?? ?'?'?? ? ?'??? ??'??'????'??; ??-?+? '?'?' ???'???? ??''?? '???. ? ??'???' ?? ?? , +?' ?+%? ??'?', ?? ????? ??-?? ' ?????? ??.: Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge I I.Lakatos, A.Musgrave (eds.), 1970. ' ? '?? ????' (K?hn T. Tradition and Innovation, 1978) ??? ?+??' ??? ?'? ? ?????. '.'.? ?'''?? '???'?'? ?????? '??? ???? ??. ?. ????? ?? ?????, ??? '??''-??? : Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and Philosphy of Science l R.E.Butts, J.Hintikka (eds.), 1975. ?. ': Conceptual ??'/G.Pearce,P.Maynard (eds.), 1973; The Structure of Scientific Theories l F.Suppe (ed.), 1974; Kisiel T. Paradigms // Contemporary Philosophy I G. F10istad (ed.). V. 2, 1982; Progress and Rationality in Science I G.Radnitzky, G.Andersson (eds.), 1978; The Structure and Development of Science I G.Radnitzky, G.Andersson (eds.), 1979; Papineau D. Theory and Meaning, 1980; Paradigms and Revolutions I G.Gutting (ed.), 1980; Scientific Revolutions I I.Hacking (ed.), 1981; Dilworth C. Scientific Progress, 1981; Pandit G.L. The Structure and Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 1982. ?'???''??? ?'????? ?? ??.: Passmore J.A. History and the Philosophy of Science // Scientific Explanation and Understanding I N.Rescher (ed.), 1983. '?' ???? ?? ?''? ? ?'?? '? ??. : Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 1970. ???? ?? ?'? '?? ??''? : Glymour . Theory and Evidence, 1980. '?'??? ?+?%??? ? ?'??? ??, ''??? ?'?' ??'?? ???? ? ??'?''??, '? '? ?? ?'?? ?'?'? '+?'?'?' ('?????'), ??'?%? ??'????? ????' ?? '???? ??'? ?+'???. ?. ????? JP 1980 . Testing Scientific Theories I J.Earman (ed.), 1983. ????'?? ??'??' ?? ? ? ???'? ??? ??.: Barnes '. T.S.Kuhn and Social Science, 1982. ?. ' ''?? ???+? (?).

7 ' ?'???? ??' ??'? ??., ?'???': Polanyi M. Personal Knowledge, 1958. ??'? ???+? ??' '?, ?? ?'? ???'? '?'? ??'?'', ? '???'??' ???+???, ??'?', ?? ?'?' ?'???'??? ??? ?' '? ' ?'?????? '??'??? '? ?+'???, '? ' ''??' ( ?'' ?' ? ??%? ??? ???'), '? ' ??'????? '????? ??'??? ?'. ''?? ???? ?+??' ??'?. '?' ?'?''???? ??? ??. : Gelwick R. The Ways of Discovery, 1977. '' ??. : Holton G. The Scientific Imagination, 1978. ?? '. ??? '?? ?+%?'?' (Agassi J. Science and Society, 1981) ???%? ??'?, ?? ???'?'?? ? '??.

170 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

8 ?'????? ?? ??'??? ??'?? ''???'? ??'?'?? : Readings in Philosophy of Psychology I N.Block (ed.), 1980 ( '??); Images, Perception and Knowledge I J.M.Nicholas (ed.), 1977. ?+?' ??-'? ??'?' ??%?' ?+ ?? ?'??; ??? ? '??, ?'?'? ' ?' ?+?? ' ?????, ? % ??? '?'? ?+??'?? '??'??. ?. ': Thomas S.N. The Formal Mechanics of Mind, 1978 Maison W.I. Sentience, 1976, '?? %%' '??? '??' ?' ?' '??'. ??'? ? ? +?' ?'??? '''???'??? ??'?' ??. : Hamlyn D. W. Perception, Learning and the Self, 1983. ? '????'? '?? ??.: Fodor J.A. Psychological Explanation, 1968; Perception and Cognition I C.W.Savage (d.) // Minnesota Studies, IX, 1978; ?'??'? ???? 'Philosophical Topics' (1981) ? ??? '?????'? ''???'? ?????'. ''?? '?? (Lycan W. G. Mental States and Putnam's Functionalist Hypothesis // AJP, 1974) ?' +?' ???? ?'??, ? ??'?' ??'?'? ??. ???+'?', ?'??' '''?? ??'? '??', ?'?'?? : Shoemaker S. Functionalism and Qualia // Philosophical Studies, 1975, ' ?''? ?'?: Nagel T. What is it like to be a bat? // PR, 1974, ??? ????? : Nagel T. Mortal Questions, 1979. ? ?? ?? ??'??? ??'?? ??'??'?? ??.: Cognitive Development and Epistemology I T.Mischel (ed.), 1971, ???'?? ?' ??????? ?'?'??? ??'??? ??'?. '.??-?'? (Margolis J. Persons and Minds, 1978) ?'?'' ??' ?'?'?, ? ?'???? '' ?''? '????'?, ?? ?'???? ??'?? ?'?'???? ?? ??''??' '???. ?+% ? ??????' ???? ??.: McGinn . The Character of Mind, 1982.

9 ?+ ????'???? ?'''' ??? ??. ??. 33 ' 20 '' '' ''???''; ???? ?'?? ???? ?+?''??? : Sloman A. The Computer Revolution in Philosophy, 1978; Boden M.A. Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man, 1978; Philosophical Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence I M.D.Ringle (ed.), 1978; Mind Design I J.Hungeland (ed.), 1981.

10 '??' ? '? '??' ? +?'???? ??'? ?'???'?? ?+%?? ??? ????, ??''????? ? ?+?' '' ?'?'' (Fodor J.A. The Language of Thought, 1975), ?'? ?? ' ? ? ?'?? ?''. ?.: Dennett D. Brainstorms, 1978. ''???? ?+??? ??' ????? ??.: Fodor J.A. Representations, 1981. ? ??' ??? ? '?'???'? ?'? ???'' (Rorty R. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 1980) ?'?' '? '?? ???, '? ???? ? ??' +'? ???? +??????'?. ?. ' +?' ???? ?+?'? ???? '???'?????'? ?????' (Fodor J.A. The Modularity of Mind, 1983), ?'???? ?? ' ?????'? ??'?? '?? ? ????+???' ??'.

11 ?? ? ?'?, ???+??? ?'???? ???' ?+?'?, ? ?''. ?. '? ??. 12 ' 4, ': Bhaskar R. A Realist Theory of

????? 171

Science, 1978; Fraassen van '. . The Scientific Image, 1980 (?'?'?'?? ?'); Churchland P.M. Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind, 1979 (%' ?'?); Smith P. Realism and the Progress of Science, 1981; FeyerabendP.K. Realism, Rationalism and Scientific Method, 1981; PQ 1982 . ??. 33 ' 17 '' '' ''???''.

?. ' ????? ?? ?'?????, ?'?? ????? JP 1982 . ?'? ?'???? ? ????? (Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 1982), ??? '??, Alston W.P. Yes, Virginia, there is a Real World // Proceedings andAddresses oj"the American Philosophical Association, 1979. ?' '', '? '?? ??'?''??? ?'?'?? ?'?'?? ?'??? ?? ?????? ? +?'??? '?????'??, ''' +?????'?  ? ??' ?+??' ?'?'?. , '.'.??' ?''? '?????' '? ?'? ''???' ??' (Smart J.J. . Difficulties for Realism in the Philosophy of Science // Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. VI, 1979) ?'' ??''? '???'? ?''?? ?'?' ? ??'????''?'?? ??''?? ? ' ?????'. ??'?? ?? ? ??+'????'? ????'?? ??''?? '??? '?+?? ???'??? ?'?? ??. ? ?+?' '?? ''' +'', ?'???', ?'?' ??' '? ?% ????'?? '?' ?'?-'?'??? '?'. ?. ? ?''??: BellJ. The Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics // Bell J. Review of Modern Physics, 1966. ?'???''??? ?'???'??? '?? ?' ????? ??.: Mermin A.D. Quantum Mysteries for Anyone // JP, 1981. ?'??? '????'??' ?? '???'??' ????'' ??' '?''??? ?'?' : Putnam H. Models and Reality // JSL, 1980. ? ?'?'?'? ?''? ??+??' : Putnam H. Philosophical Papers. V. 3, 1983. ??'? '?'??'?' ??.: Hacking I. Representing and Intervening, 1983 ( ??+'?? ?? ?? ?'?? ?????'???? ? ????? ? '??'????) Cartwright N. How the Laws of Physics Lie, 1983 ( ??''? ?'?'?? ?? ?'???? ?''????, ?? ? ???).

12 ?+?'?'? '?? ??' ?+ ??' ?'?????? ? '?? ??, '? ?'?'?' '??, ?' ' (''? '' ''???'', ' 17), ?'?'??'?? ? ??+'?? ? ??'? ???'???' ' ??-???? ?'' ? ??'?' ''? ???' ?'??? ? ???'???' ??'??' ??+''?. ?+?'?'? ?? ??+'''?? ?''?'?? '.'.?? ? ? '?????? ?''?'' (Savage L.J. The Foundations of Statistics, 1954) ?+??'?? ?''? ? : Savage L.J. et al. The Foundations of Statistical Inference, 1962.  ?' '. ??'', ?'??' ?? ?????????? ??'' ?+?' '??? ???'???'' (Finetti de '. The Theory of Probability, 1975), ?'? ?? '???' ?????? 1937 . ?. ': Studies in Subjective Probability I H.E.Kyburg, H.E.Smokier (eds.), 1964; Rosenkrantz R.D.

172 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

Inference, Method and Decision, 1977. ? ?? ?, ??% ?'???? ?'?? '?, ?'?'? +' ??????'?: Mellor D.H. The Matter of Chance, 1971; Jeffrey R.C. The Logic of Decision, 1965 ( +?'????'? ??'??% ? ?+?'); Adams E. W. The Logic of Conditionals, 1975; Ellis '. Rational Belief Systems, 1979; Eells E. Rational Decision and Causality, 1982. ? '??, ????'?? '???' ??'??' ???'???'?, ???+??'? '??? ?'??'?? '. '? ????? .?????.

?+?'?' '?? ??'?? ??? ?', ???? '.. '?? '?'?? : Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science I E.Nagel et al. (eds.), 1962, ??'?? ????? ? ? +?' ?+%? ' ? ??+?'?. ? (???) ??+?'??? '??? ?'?????' ''?? BJPS 1959 . ??'? ?? +'' ?'?? ..?????. ?. ' ?+???' ++'??', ???' ?''?? .'?? .'''? : Contemporary Philosophy I G.F10istad (ed.), 1981; ?'? '?? ??? .'''?? ?.???? ??. : The Philosophy of Karl Popper I P.A.Schilpp (ed.), 1974, ???'?? ?'' ???. ?. ' '??? ?+??? ?'??? ?? : Popper ?. Postscript, 1982.

?+?'?' ???'???' ?'' ??? ?'?'?'?? : Gillies D. ?. An Objective Theory of Probability, 1973 Fetzer J.H. Scientific Knowledge, 1981. ? ?' ?'', ?? ??, ??? ?'?'?' '?? ?'?? ? ?', ???'?' '??, '? ?'?' ?????+?'? '? ??''??''??? '?? ???'???'?? ??'??' ?'?; ??'? ?'? ?'''?? ?'?. ????? ??+'????? ?'???? ?'? ?'?? ?'? ?'?' '?' '', '? ?'? ?'' ???'? '''? '?? +???, ??+?'?' +???, ???? +?-??, ?'? +??? +???, ? ???'?? '?%?? ?? ?? ?' ??. ''?'?? ?? ?'?''?? : Giere R.N. Understanding Scientific Reasoning, 1979. ?. ': Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference and Statistical Theories of Science I W.Harper, C.Hooker (eds.), 1976; Hacking I. The Emergence of Probability, 1975; Niiniluoto I. Statistical Explanation // Contemporary Philosophy l G. F10istad (ed.), 1981.

????'????? '??? ??????? ??. : Lehrer K., Wagner . Rational Consensus, 1981. ? '?? '?? ??.: Keith Lehrer l R.J.Bogdan (ed.), 1980. ?. ': Harsanyi J.C. Papers in Game Theory, 1982. ??? ' ?? ? '??'?? ? ? ?'???' (Levi L Gambling with Truth, 1967) '????' ???' (Levi L The Enterprise of Knowledge, 1980) ???'?' ??? ?? ?'???, ? ?' ???? -'? '?'?? ?'??' ? ? ? ?? ?'??? ?; ????'? ???? ??%?'??%? ???? ??? ??'?'?? ? ??????? ? ?'? ???. ???? '?'?'?? ?'?'??? ???, ?'???? '? ??'? ??'''?, ???? ???? ??%?'??%? ??-

????? 173

?????' ???? ?+??, ? ???'? ?''???? ?+?+%??. ?. ?+??? ? ' : Language, Logic and Methodl R.S.Cohen (ed.), 1982. ?. ': Local Induction I R.J.Bogdan (ed.), 1976 (? ???+??? ++'??'?). ?  ???'?? ?'? '?? '??'??? ?????? ?, ?'???? ?? +?' ?'?? '' : Cohen J. Implications of Induction, 1970 Cohen J. The Probable and the Provable, 1977. ' ?'?? ?'? ??'?' ?????? ???'????'?? ? ??'? ???????, ' ''?? ?' ? ??%?'??%? ???? ???. ?. ' ??. 48 ?+ ?? ' 17 '' '' ''???'' Henry Kyburg and Isaac Levi I R.J.Bogdan (ed.), 1982 ???? ? Kyburg H.E. Epistemology and Inference, 1983.

13 ?''???? ?'? ???, ''??, ??? ???+? '''? ??????' ????'?'?' ??. : Stove D.. Popper and After, 1982. He ?'????, '? ' ?+??' ?'???? ?? ? ?, ?? ?'', ??. '?' ?????? ?'? ??.: Newton W.H. The Rationality of Science, 1981. '?' ???'?? ?'?? ?+?? ? : Chalmers A.F. What is this thing calles Science? 1982. ? ?'? ??. '??? ? ?'?? ? (1982). ?+ ?+% ???? ??.: Rationality in Science I R.Hilpinen (ed.), 1980; Shapere D. Reason and the Search for Knowledge, 1983; Rationality in Science and Politics I G.Anderson (ed.), 1983. ? ''?? ??.: Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos l R.S.Cohen et al. (eds.), 1976. ? ????' ?', ???? ? %'?? ?'?, '.??? : Papineau D. Theory and Meaning, 1979. ? ???? ???+? ??. ' '? 20 '' '' ''???''. '?' ???? ?+??? ? ?+?' '?? : Versuchungen. Ed. H.P.D?rr, 1981. ? ?? ??'???? ?+?' ? ?????? ?????? ??.: Laudan L. Progress and its Problems, 1977 (???+? ' ? ????'? ?+ ?'?? ?+?') ?''? '.???, ???? ? ?''?? : Progress and Rationality in Science I G.Radnitzsky, G.Anderson (eds.), 1978. -' ? ? +?' ?+%? ?'????, ???? ? The Structure and Development of Science I G.Radnitzsky, G.Anderson (eds.), 1979. ?. ' The Monist 1977 . ?+ '??'??? ??'??'?' '?, ??. 5 ' 5.

14 ?. ??? ???+? ? ?? '? '?? '??????'? ?'?????'? ???????? '' (Bohm D. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, 1957, ????? ??: M., 1959) : FeyerabendP. Philosophical Papers. V. 1. ?. ': Bohm D. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, 1980.

15 ? ?'? ?'???, '? ?''?, '???' ??'? ?+???, ? ?'? '? '?, ? ?? +'' ?' ??+'??'. +??? ???' ?+????? ++'??'? '??? ??. ?., ?'???', ?+?'?: Hesse M. Models and Analogies (1963). ''?? ''??'? '? ???'? ??' (Hesse M. The Strong Thesis of Sociology in Science) no-+?'?: Hesse M. Models and Analogies (1963). ''?? ''??'? '? ???'? ??' (Hesse M. The Strong Thesis of Sociology in Science) no-

174 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'?' ???'? ???'????? ?? ? ?'???? ?? ???'??. '? ?'?? ?'??, ??. ?: Toulmin S. A. Foresight and Understanding, 1961 Toulmin S.A. Human Understanding, 1972. ? ?'?? ?''??? '?? ?' ''??'??. ?. ': Toulmin S.A. The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature, 1982. ?? ??'??'? ?+%? ?????, ???''? '?? ??, ??. ': Rationality and Relativism I M.Hollis, S.Lukes (eds.), 1982; Relativism I J.W.Meiland, M.Krausz (eds.), 1982. +?' '.?.?'? '?? ???'?? ???' (Mulkay M.J. Science and the Sociology of Knowledge, 1979, ????? ?? ?' M., ??????, 1983) ??'?' ????? '??, ? ???? ?? - ???? ? ?? '??, ????? ??? ?' ???' ? ???? '?? ???'?? ???. ?. ' '?, ??. 4 ' 1.

16 ???+??'? '??? ?'??'??? ?????'?? ?'?? ???? ?..??????? : Hanson N.R. Patterns of Discovery, 1958. ?.: Scheffler L Science and Subjectivity, 1967 Nagel E., Bromberger S., Gr?nbaum A. Observation and Theory in Science, 1971. ?'?, ?'???', ??'''?? ? ??. ???, ???+? ??? ? ??' '??'??? ?-??????'? ?+'???. ?. ': Quine W.V.O. Epistemology Naturalised // Quine W. V.O. Ontological Relativity, 1969 Quine W. V.O. et al. Experience and Theory, 1970. ??'? ??. : Kordig C.R. The Fustification of Scientific Change, 1971. ? ???' ?'?? ??? ???????? ''???' ?? ???'?? '??'??? ?' ?.? '???? ? ? ?? ?+???? ''??'?? ???' '???', ???''????? ? ?'?'? ????? (The Structure of Scientific Theories l F.Suppe (ed.), 1974) ???%?? ?''? ??? ?% '???, ????' ??, ? '??? ?'?' ''???'? ?? ?'' ??+?''? ???? '??%??? ?''. '? '???? ? ?'?? ? (1977) ???? ??'?'?? ? ?+' ?+% '?? ?'?? ???????? ''???' ??. ???'????'? ?'??? ???? ??? ???''??' '?+?''??? ???+????'? ?'?? ?+???, ?'? ? ??? ?+??? ? ??''?? ? ????'?.

17 ????' '??, ??' ? +??'?? ??', ??. ?+??? ? ??? '? ???'' (The Owl of Minerva l C.J.Bontempo, S.J.Odell (eds.), 1975), ?'???? ??? ????? ?'?' ''???'' '?' ?? '?' ? ???? ''???'. ?, ?'???', '??' ?' ??' ? ??'????'???? ''???'?, ??''?' ? ??? ? '?? ??? '???? ?? ''???'', '?'? ''??? ? '??, '? '?? '?? ?' ?' ''???'', '???'??'?' '???? , ? ??'??'? ? ??, ? ? '''???' ?????'???? ?'''. ?. ': Passmore J.A. The Place of Argument in Metaphysics // Metaphysics I W.E.Kennick, M.Lazerowitz (eds.), 1966, ???'?? ?' ?? ''???'?? ?????. ? ??' ?+??-

????? 175

?'?? JP 1980 . ????? +?' ??+?'??'? ??' ???????? ??'? ??. : Rescher N. Methodological Pragmatism, 1977. ?.??? ?'? ?'???'?? '??????? ??? ? '??, '? ''???'? ?'' ? ?? ??+'?', ? ?'??' ?? ?'?' ??%?'?'? ?''', ? ? +' '?????'?? ? ?'?'??'?? ''???'' ? ??.

18 ???'?? ?'?? '??'' ??. : Hacking I. Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? 1975. ??? ?, ??, ' ?'?? ?????, ?'? ???' ? ?????? ??'? '??'??? '????'? ???? ??' ''???' '?'. -'? ???? ?'???'?? ??'???.

19 ? ???' ??. '?, ??. 9 ' 1. ''?? '????, ? ?'????, ?'???', ??'''?? ??', ?'?: Davidson D. On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme // Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 191. ?? ' ?'? ?? ?' ? ???+'???' ?'?''. ?. ': StroudB. Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation / / Words and Objections I. D.Davidson, J.Hintikka (eds.), 1969.

????'???' ?? ?+% ????' ???+?? ?+???'?? : Bernstein R.J. Beyond Objectivism and Relativism, 1983, ???'??, ?'???', ??'' ? ???????? ''???'??? ?'?'? '???.

176 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?????T ???-?'

????? ., ??. ' Adorno T. 130

????. 53, 158

??? ?.'., ??. ' ?? A.J. 19, 87, 95, 127, 137, 166

???? ?., ??. ' Ackermann W. 16

?'?+?' X., ??. ' Albert H. 133

?'?'???? '., ??. ' Althusser L. 11?'12, 35, 36, 37, 119, 128, 143, 144, 145?'146, 150

?????? '., ??. ' Anderson J. 22, 24, 160

?????? -.., ??. ' Anderson A.R. 16?'17

??' .'. 168 ?'? ?.-?., ??. ' Apel K.-O. 20, 119, 135

? -. 160

???'?''? 25, 44, 47, 52, 67, 140, 161

????'??? '., ??. ' Armstrong D. 22?'24, 26, 136, 138, 160

 

'??? '.?. 150

'?' . 35, 143, 144, 146

'?-''' ?., ??. ' Bar-Hillel Y. 55, 129?'130

'?'?? '. 145, 146

' . 162

''? ?.'., ??. ' Belnap N.D. 17

'??'' '., ??. ' Bennett J. 141

'?' '. 95, 96, 175

''??? '. 174

''??''? '. 42?'43

'????-. 147

'? . 10 '?'??? '. 98

'?? '., ??. ' Bohm D. 117, 173

'??'?? . 19, 20, 75, 108

'??' ?.'. 84, 149

'?+?? ., ??. ' Bubner R. 133

'???-.20, 133

'?'?'??. 135

'?? ?., ??. ' Bunge M. 137, 168

'??+ 35

 

'+? ?. 122

'?? '., ??. ' Wiggins D. 24?'27, 69, 139?'140, 163

''??'?? '. 18, 20, 31, 49, 59, 67, 85, 104, 113, 119, 123, 124, 125, 133, 135, 136, 139, 148, 149, 151, 158, 159, 166, 167, 174

'?' '.. '??, ??. ' Wright G.H. von 16, 172

'??' '. 42

'?? .'., ??. ' Gadamer H.G. 20, 119, 123, 126, 134?'135

'?? H. 148

''? '.'.?.12, 21, 36, 98, 110, 112, 123, 126, 136, 148

'?'? ?. 167

'???.'. 136

'???? '.?. 157

'''?? .'. 21?'22, 62, 137

' ?.., ??. ' Geach P.T. 132, 139, 155, 163, 166

'??+?.. 18, 167

'??? ?., ??. ' Grice P. 27, 29?'30, 31, 40, 58, 60, 141, 154

'??? ?. 128?'129

'??? ., ??. ' Gregory R. 18

'???+?? '., ??. ' Grbnbaum A.

18, 100 '??? ?., ??. ' Goodman N. 60?'62, 94?'97, 110, 152, 159?'160, 166?'167

'??+?'?' '. '?? 150

'????'? -. 20, 21, 34, 35, 37, 130, 148

N.B. ' ?'? ?+????, '?? ? ??-'+? ??, ?''?? '?'?? ?? ??? ?'??.

????? 179

''' ? ?.'., ??. ' Dalla ChiaraM.L. 168

'??' M., ??. ' Dummett M. 71, 83?'93, 94, 97, 103, 110, 123, 154, 163, 166, 167

''' M., ??. ' Devitt M. 138, 163, 166

'?' P. 21, 22, 34, 37

'??' '., ??. ' Dennett D. 107?'109, 170

'?? -., ??. ' Derrida J. 35, 37?'41, 111, 144, 146, 147, 148?'149

'??? ?. ??, 112, 126 '''? ., ??. ' Jeffrey R.C.I72

''?' '. 126, 134

'???''? ?.., ??. ' Donnellan K.S. 162, 163

'?? ?. 9

'?? '. 84, 125, 126

'???? '., ??. ' Davidson D. 71?'83, 84, 86, 107, 123, 124, 138, 154, 156, 163?'165, 175

'?? ?. 119, 120, 121, 122, 174

'????-. 122

'?'?? ?. 145

 

'???' '. 142

 

-? -. 148

 

- '. 156

-'' ?., ??. ' Ziff . 103, 141

 

??? ., ??. ' Kamenka E. 8

??' ?. 94, 100, 110, 124, 125, 140

?'? '., ??. ' Kaplan D. 157, 162

??? . 14, 49, 50, 52, 55, 60, 66, 91, 94, 101, 140, 149, 154, 156, 158

? '.'., ??. ' Katz J.J. 47?'49, 60, 77, 151, 153?'154

?? -. 157

??''?? .'. 102

??? ., ??. ' Kripke S. 53, 55, 57, 60, 63, 65?'70, 78, 83, 84, 86, 87, 123, 139, 157?'158, 161?'162, 163, 164, 165

???' R. 144

???? ?.'.?., ??. ' Quine W.V.O. 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 52, 53, 55, 58 65, 66, 73, 77, 81, 86, 90, 95, 100, 1 107, 119, 120, 123, 124, 138, 140, 1: 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 166, 1 ??? . 13, 84, 101?'103, 111, 115, 1] 119, 169, 173, 174

 

'? -., ??. ' Lacan J. 35, 36?'143, 144, 146

''?? ?., ??. ' Lakatos I. 99, 115?'119, 167, 173

'?'' '., ??. ' Lakoff J. 152, 153

' ?., ??. ' Levi I. 172?'173

'?? -. 145

'-'???? ?., ??. ' Lvi-Strauss . 35, 36, 37, 40, 45, 143, 145, 146?'147

'?+? '.'. 25, 45, 53, 140, 158

'?? -.., ??. ' Lacey A.R. 125, 165

'?? '.?. 12

'????? . 53, 158

'? '. 95, 140

'? '., ??. ' Lukcs D. 128

'??? '.?., ??. ' Lewis D.?. 5:57?'60, 63?'65, 78, 84, 96, 123, 1:160, 164, 165

'??? ?.?. 16, 17, 94, 95, 131, 132, 1

'??' ?.. 152

 

??' '.'. 153

?'?'??. 170

?''?? . 33, 40

?????. 130

??? ?. 11?'12, 36, 42, 122, 135, 144-145, 147

???'. 130

???? .'. 158, 161, 163

???'? '. 41 ??'? ?. 143

???? ?. 115

????? ?. '?? 20, 132, 136

??'?-???' ?. 35, 143

?'' ?.?. 168

?'? '., ??. ' Mepham J. l 143

?''? '.. 10, 67, 117

178 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

???'? ., ??. ' Montague R. 49?'57, 60, 68, 76, 78, 84, 96, 155?'156, 157, 158

????? .?. 55

????'.. 136

?? '.'., ??. ' Mackie J.L. 63, 73?'74, 140, 160

 

?'? ., ??. ' Nagel T. 139, 164, 170

???' ?. 167

? ?.. 113?'114 ?' ?. 62, 65

?? ?. 34, 35, 37, 125

?? ., ?? ' Nozick R. 136?'137

??'? ''. 13, 19, 20, 27, 28, 39, 41, 49, 92, 129, 140, 146, 153, 158

?????? ., ??. ' Parsons . 161

??' '., ??. ' Partee '. 50, 54, 57, 155

?'??? X., ??. ' Putnam H. 18, 83, 99?'107, 109?'113, 119, 120, 122, 139, 152, 154, 159, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174

? -., ??. ' Plaget J. 34, 143, 153

??? .. 135, 20, 33, 55, 110, 114, 126, 135, 142, 172

?''?? 10, 21, 39, 40, 98, 109, 124, 125

?''' ?., ??. ' Platts M. 165

?'?? R..22

??'? '., ??. ' Pylya 99, 167

??'? ?., ??. ' Polanyi M. 102, 169

??? K.P., ??. ' Popper K.R. 18, 19, 20, 98, 101?'102, 114?'120, 123, 133, 140, 172, 173, 174

???'' ?.?., ??. ' Postal P.M. 153, 154

????? ?.?., ??. ' Prior A.N. 55, 156?'157

???? -.?. 116

 

?? '., ??. ' Radnitzky G. 133

?' '., 14, 19, 23, 44, 48, 49, 104, 107, 109

?' ?., ??. ' Wright . 166

??? ?.?., ??. ' Ramsey F.P. 23, 24, 63, 64, 75, 114, 139

??' '. 10, 12, 14, 21, 24, 53, 55, 67, 84, 125, 162

?'' , ??. ' Routley R.. 16

??+ '., ??. ' Reichenbach H. 18, 100, 114, 132, 161, 167

?? H., ??. ' Rescher N. 161

? ?., ??. ' Ricoeur P. 128, 135, 145

?' '. 10

??' ., ??. ' Rorty R. 122?'126, 136, 170, 174

???? -.--. 37, 148

?'?? '. 125

?'? -.-?. 19, 33, 35, 37, 145

''?? ?., ??. ' Sellars W. 123, 138

?'? '.., ??. ' Searle J.R. 27?'29, 30, 39, 40, 67, 140, 141, 149, 150, 154, 162

??? '.?. 43, 151

??'?? ., ??. ' Scruton R. 166

??' '.'., ??. ' Smart J.J.C.

22?'23, 138, 164, 171, 174

? '.'., ??. ' Sneed J.D. 169

?''?? ?. 144

????? ?. 31?'33, 36, 38, 42, 44, 45, 58, 76, 142

'?' '.?. 24

'?? '. 33

'?'??? ., ?? ' Stalnaker R. 60, 63?'64, 139

'????? ?.?., ??. ' Strawson P.F. 15, 16, 25, 28, 30, 131, 141, 165, 166

??+?? ., ??. ' Swinburne R. 139

? ?., ??. ' Suppe F. 174

? '.'., ??. ' Savage L.J. 114

 

??? ?. 49, 50, 51, 52, 77?'80, 82, 93, 97, 165

??+?? ?.. 142

??' -. 20, 134

????? 179

?'?? .-., ??. ' Toulmin S.A. 119, 174

??'?? ., ??. ' Taylor . 136

 

?'??? -.?., ??. ' Wilson E.O. 140

?'??? ?. 137

?? ?., ??. ' Winch P. 135

?'? ?.'. 142

??? ?., ??. ' Unger P. 175

??''? '., ??. ' Wallace J. 82, 162

 

?? ?. 160

???' '.?., ??. ' Findley J.N. 136

???+ '. 12

???+? ?.?., ??. ' Feyerabend .?. 13, 18, 23, 111, 115, 117?'119, 140, 169, 173, 174

?'''?'? '., ??. ' Follesdal D. 165, 166

?'. 165, 171 ?'??? ?.'. 153

??'' '. , ??. ' Finetti B. De 114, 171

?' ?.'. 12

???? '.'., ??. ' Fodor J.D. 47-49, 77, 109, 153, 154, 170?'171

???'? '.?. 72, 78, 83, 164

????? '. ?, ??. ' Fraassen B.C. van 171, 172

?? '. 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 49, 51, 54, 67, 71, 83, 84, 85, 98, 155, 163

??? 3. ?, 36, 41, 143, 146, 147

???+ '. 133 ??? ?. 13, 35, 37, 111, 119, 143, 144?'145, 146, 149

 

+??? R. 13, 20, 119, 129?'130, 135

?? ?. 18, 19, 20, 21, 34, 37, 38, 123, 125, 134?'135, 136

? ., ??. ' Hacking I. 163, 165, 175

?? . 125

??? '., ??. ' Harman G. 82, 151, 164, 171

??? 3., ??. ' Harris Z. 41, 150?'151, 153

??? P. 142

????? '., ??. ' Harrison '. 15:?' '.'. 9

? P.M., ??. ' ? P.M. 9, 11, 128

?' '. 139

''?? '. 159, 167

?? ?., ??. ' Hesse M. 119?'121 173?'174

'?? P., CMC. ' Hilpinen R. 1

?' ., ??. ' Hintikka J. 16, 90, 159, 166

?' ?. 125

?'' ?.?., ??. ' Hockett C.F. 151, 152

???? ?., ??. ' Chomsky N. 41?'46, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 58, 60, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 133, 140, 149?'150, 151, 152?'153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159

????? ?. 130

? ., ??. ' Hook S. 174

????? ?.., ??. ' Hanson N.R. 102, 120, 167, 174

 

? ?., ??. ' Church A. 49, 51?'52, 156, 157

?'?? ?.?. 171

?'? ., ??. ' Chisholm R. 161, 164

 

???? ?. 151

'''??. 167

''? ?.?.. 15

'???? ?. 134

'??''? '., ??. ' Stegm?ller W. 17?'18, 20, 127, 133, 169

???? ., ??. ' Shoemaker S. '.

 

-?? '., ??. ' Evans J.L. 164

-''? '., ??. ' Ellis '. 160

-?'?? ?. 12, 34

-???? '..?. 72, 166

 

R? '. 21, 63, 140

 

?+??? ., ??. ' Jacobson R. 33, 40, 41, 142, 143 ??? ?. 19

180 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

 

Abraham W. 163

Ackermann W., ??. ' ???? ?. 132

Adams E.W. 172

Addison J. 158

Adorno ., ??. ' ????? . 133

Agassi J. 168, 169

Agazzi E. 131, 133

Albert H., ??. ' ?'?+?' . 133, 135

Allen J.P. 149

Alston W.P. 171

Althusser L., ??. ' ?'?'???? '. 145, 146

Anderson A.R., ??. ' ?????? -.. 132

Anderson J., ??. ' ?????? '. 160

AnderssonG. 169, 173

Apel ?.-?., ??. ' ?'? ?.?. 134, 135, 158

Arato A. 130

Armstrong D., ??. ' ????'??? '. 138, 141

AsquithP. 168

Aune '. 137

Avineri S. 129

AyalaF.J. 168

Ayer A.J., ??. ' ??? ?.'. 127, 167

 

Bach E. 150, 153

Bach K. 140

Bacherlard G., ??. ' '?'?? '. 145

Baker G. 154. 155

Ballmer T.T. 156

Bar-Hillel Y., ??. ' '?-''' ?. 154, 158, 159

Barnes '. 130, 169

Barwise J. 131

Bastide R. 142

Ba?erle R. 154

Bealer G. 156

BeehlerR. 136 Bell J. 171

Belnap N.D., ??. ' ''? ?.'. 132

Benn S.I. 136

Bennett J., ?? ' '??' '. 141

BenvenisteE. 142

Bernstein R.J. 175

BeverT. 153

BhaskarR. 170

BieriP. 141

Bigelow J. 161

Black M. 141

Blackburn S. 162

Blakeley 129

Bleicher J. 135

Block N. 170

Bloom H. 148

Bloor D. 130, 167

Boden M. A. 170

Bogdan D.J. 151, 173

Bohm D., ?? ' '?? '. 168, 173

Bontempo . J 174

Burger C. 136

Bradley M.C. 138

Bradley R. 161

BradonR 132

BrodbeckM. 136

BrodyB.R. 139

Broekman J. M 144

BrombergerS, 174

Bubner R., ?? ' '?+?? . 133, 134

Bunge M., ?? ' '?? ?. 168

Burdick H. 166

Burr J.R. 128

Butts R.E. 169

 

Carr B. 137

Cash S. 128

Callinicos A. 129, 145

Campbell K. 137, 138

Canguilhem G. 145

Cartwright N. 171

CassirerE. 150 1

Chalmers A.F. 173

Chandler H.S. 163

Charbonnier G. 147

Chatterjee M. 134

Cherry C. 151

Chihara C.H. 165

Chisholm R.M., ??. ' ?'? . 137, 139, 161

Chomsky N., ??. ' ???? H. 147, 149, 150, 152, 153

Church '., ??. ' ? ?. 156, 158

????? 181

Churchland P.M. 171

Clark M. 145

Clark R. 157

ClmentC. 146

Cocchiarella N. 156

Cohen D. 152

Cohen J. 173

Cohen R.S. 132, 152, 173

Cole P. 141

ConnertonP. 130, 135

Cooper D. 152

Cooper R. 156

CornmanJ.W. 137

Cowan M. 150

Coward R. 144, 146

Cresswell M.J. 155, 158

Crossley J.N. 130

Culicover P.W. 153

Culicover P.W. 153

Culler J. 142, 148

Curtis J.E. 130

 

Gushing S. 154

 

D'Agostino F. 149

Dalla Chiara M.L. ??. ' '' ? ?.'. 133

Danto A. 137

Davidson D., ??. ' '???? '. 138, 141, 151, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 175

Davies? M. 164

Davis J.W. 165

Davis S. 138, 155

De George R. and F. 143, 147

Dennett D., ??. ' '??' '. 170

Derrida J., ??. ' '?? -. 144, 147, 149

DerwingB. 153

Descombes V., ??. ' '??? '. 133

Devitt M., ??. ' ''' ?. 163, 166

Diaz M.R. 132

DilworthC. 169

Donnellan ?.S., ??. ' '???''? ?.. 162

Dougherty R.C. 153

Downes R. 139

Dowty D. 155, 156, 157

DretskeF.I. 137

Dreyfus H. 145

Ducrot ?. 144

Dummett M., ??. ' '??' M. 1:160, 162, 167

Dunn J.M. 132

D?rr H.P. 173

Earman J. 168, 169

EdgleyR. 152

EellsE. 172

Ehrmann J. 143, 146, 147

Eider F. 149

Elgin S.H. 150

Ellis '., ??. ' -''? '. 172

Ellis J. 144, 146

Elster J. 136,

Englebretsen G. 133

Erde E.L. 149

ErmathM. 134

Evans G. 162, 163, 164, 166

Evans J.L., ?? ' -?? '. 137

Felman S. 146

Fetzer J.H. 172

Feyerabend P.K., ??. ' ???+ ?.?. 167, 168, 173

Finas L. 148

Findlay J.N., ??. ' ???' '.? 136

Finetti '. de, ??. ' ??'' '. 171

Fletcher . 153

Floistad G.F. 130, 132, 135, 144, 155, 156, 157, 160, 164

Fodor J.A., ??. ' ???? '. 150, 151, 153, 156, 170

Follesdal D., ??. ' ?'''?'? '. 165

Foot . 128

Fraassen B.C. van 132, 156, 171

French P. 131, 137

Fromm E. 129

Fuchs W.W. 148

Gabbay D.M. 131, 157

Gadamer H.G., ??. ' '?? XJ 134

Gandillac M. de 143

Garrett M. 153

182 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

Geach P.T., ??. ' ' ?.. 128, 139, 163

GellnerE. 136

GelwickR. 169 George F. 146

Gerhardt M. 149

GeussR. 130 Giere R.N. 172

Gillies D. A. 172

Glucksmann A. 147

Gluclsmann M. 145

GlymourC. 169

GoddardL. 132

GodelR. 142

Goldmann L. 143

Goldstein L. 139

Goodmann N., ??. ' '??? ?. 159, 160, 166, 167

Gordon . 141, 145

Gregory R., ??. ' '??? . 152

Grene M. 148

Grice ., ??. ' '??? ?. 138, 141

Griffin N.139

Griffiths A.P. 137

Grinder J.T. 150

Grmek M.D. 167

Gr?nbaum '., ??. ' '???+?? ?. 174

GuenthnerF. 154, 155, 159

GundersonK. 154

Guttenplan S. 163, 165, 166

Gutting G. 169

 

Haack S. 131, 158, 161

Hacker P. 154, 155

Hacking L, ??. ' ? . 164, 169, 171, 172, 175

Halle M. 152

HamblinC.L. 155

Hamish R.M. 140

Hamlyn D.W. 170

Hanson N.R., ??. ' ????? ?.. 167, 174

Hare R.M., ??. ' ? ?.. 128

Harman G., ??. ' ??? '. 137, 141, 150, 154, 159

Harper W.L. 160, 172

Harre R. 168

Harris Z., ??. ' ??? 3.150

Harrison '., ??. ' ????? '. 155, 164

Harrison R. 136

Harsanyi J.C. 172

Hawkes T. 143

Hayes E.N. and T. 147

Heller A. 129

Hesse M., ??. ' ?? M. 130, 173

Hilpinen R., ??. ' '?? . 161, 173

Hinckfuss I.168

Hintikka J., ??. ' ?' . 131, 155, 159, 164, 165

Hirsch . 139 i

HockettC.F. 150, 151, 152

Hockney D. 131, 153, 156, 162

HollisM.174

Holton G. 169

Home R.W. 168

Honderich T. 127

Hook S., ??. ' ? . 149, 152

Hooker C.A. 132, 168

HookwayC. 136

Householder F. 150

Howard R.J. 135

Hudson W.D. 128

Hull D.L. 168

HungelandJ. 170

HuppertG. 144

 

Ihde D. 135

 

Jackson F. 137

Jacobs R.A. 141, 150

JacobsenP. 150

Jacbbson R., ??. ' ?+??? . 142

Jameson F. 142, 148

Jammer M. 168

Jay M. 130

Jeffrey R.C., ??. ' '''? . 172

Jensen U.J. 168

Johnson M. 141

Jones A.J. 159

 

Kamenka E., ??. ' ??? E. 129

KangerS. 154, 155, 158

Kaplan D., ??. ' ?'? '. 157

????? 183

Kasher A. 159

Katz F.M. 161

Katz J.J., ??. ' ? '.'. 140, 149, 150, 153, 154, 156, 161

Keat R. 136

Keenan E.L. 153, 155, 159

Kelly M. 146

Kemp P. 144

Kempson R.M. 140, 153, 164

KennickW.E. 174

Kiefer H.E. 154

Kimmerle H. 134

Kisiel T. 169

Kitcher P. 167

Klemke E.D. 128

Kolakowski L., ??. '

??'??? '. 129

Kordig C.R. 174

KrnerS. 131, 163 KortianG. 130

Kripke S., ??. ' ?? . 157, 162, 163

Kurzweil E. 144

KyburgH.E. 171, 173

 

Lacan J., ??. ' '? -. 146

Lacey A.R., ??. ' '?? -.. 128, 164

Lakatos L, ??. ' ''?? ?. 167, 169

Lakoff G., ??. ' '?'' '. 141, 151, 156

Lambert ?. 131, 158

Langendoen D.T. 150

LaudanL. 173 Leach E. 147

Leblanc H. 154, 164

Lecourt D. 145 Leeds S. 167

Lehman H. 145, 167

Lehrer K. 137, 172

Leiber J. 149

Leinfellner W. 156

Lemmon E.J 158

Lenk H. 133

Levi L, ??.' ' ?. 172

LevinsonS.C. 158

Lvi-Strauss ., ??. ' '-'???? ?. 146, 147

Levy B.-H. 147

Lewis D.K., ??. ' '??? '.?. 138, 159, 160

Linge D.E. 135

Link G. 155

LinskyL. 157, 158, 162

Loar B. 141, 164

Lopes L.J. 168

Lorenzen P. and K. 159

Loux M.J. 138, 158, 161

Lucas J.R. 168

Lukocs D., ??. ' '? ' . 129

LuscheiE.C. 158

LycanW.G. 170

Lyons J. 143, 149, 153

 

McCallS. 158

McCarthy T. 130

Macdonald G.F. 137, 166

McDowellJ. 164, 166

McGinn C.I70

MacIntyreA. 128, 136

MackayA. 141

Mackie J.L., ??. ' ?? '. '.128, 137, 139, 160

Macksey R. 144, 147

McMurtryJ. 129

Magee '. 149

MakkreelR. 134

Mandelbaum D.G. 150

Manninen J. 135

Margalit A. 163, 166

Margenau H. 168

Margolis J. 170

Martin R.M. 155, 159

Mates B. 158, 163

Matson W.1.170

Matthews P. 150

Mayr D. 168

Mediin B. 138

Meiland J. W. 174

Mellor D.H. 139, 163, 172

Mepham J., ??. ' ?'? '. 129, 145

Mermin A.D. 171

Meyer R.K. 132

Miller J.M. 144

184 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

MischelT.170

MittelstaedtP.132

MnnichU. 131

Montague R., ??. ' ???'? . 155

Montefiori ?. 133

MoravcsikJ.M.E. 153, 155

Morgenbesser S. 151

MorickH.140

MulkayM.J.174

MunitzM.K.139, 154

 

Nagel E. 172, 174

Nagel ., ??. ' ?'? . 138, 139, 163, 164, 170

NerlichG. 168

Newmeyer F.J. 150, 154

Newton W.H. 171

Nicholas J.M. 170

NicklesT. 167

NidaC.A. 154

NiiniluotoL 160, 172

NoonanH. 139

Norris C. 148

Nozick R., ??. ' ?? . 137

Nute D. 160

 

O'Connor D.J. 137

Ogden C.K. 142

OlsenR.E. 134, 165

Ortony A. 141 Otero G. 141, 150

 

Palmer R.E. 134, 135

Pandit G.L. 169

PapineauD. 169, 173

PappasG.S. 137

Parain-VialJ. 143, 149

Parfit D. 139

Parkinson G.H. 129

ParretH.142, 143, 149, 150, 151, 154, 166

Parsons ., ??. ' ?????? . 132, 156, 157, 161

Partee '., ?? ' ??' '. 155

Passmore J.A. 129, 167, 168, 169, 174

Patton .. 141

Paz ?. 147

PeacockeC. 162, 164

Pearce G. 169

Pears D. 164

PeleJ. 158, 159

Pelletier F.J. 163

PenelhumT. 139

PeraM. 134

Perry J. 139

Peters S. 154

Pettit P. 143, 147

Piaget J., ??. ' ? -. 143

Piatelli-Palmarini M. 153

PicconeP.146

Pitcher G. 138

PlantingaA. 134, 160, 161

Platts M., ??. ' ?''' M. 140, 141, 163, 165;166

Polanyi M., ??. ' ??'? M. 169

Pollock J.L. 161

Polya G., ??. ' ??'? '. 167

Popper K.R., ??. ' ??? K.P. 167, 168, 172

Postal P.M., ??. ' ???'' ?.?. 150, 154

Poster M. 144, 145, 146

Presley C.F. 138

Priest G. 132

Prior A.N., ??. ' ????? ?.?. 156, 157

PrzeleckiM. 155

Putnam H., ??. ' ?'??? X. 132, 139, 152, 154, 163, 164, 167, 171

 

Quine W.V.O., ??. ' ???? ?.'.?. 138, 157, 163, 165, 166, 167, 174

Quinton A. 136

 

Rabinow P. 145

ftacevskis K. 145

Radnitzky G. 133, 169, 173

Ramsey F.P., ??. ' ??? ?.?. 139

Rancire J. 145

Reagan C.E. 135

Reichenbach H., ??. ' ??+ '. 132, 161, 168

Rennie M.K. 157

Rescher N., ??. ' ?? ?. 131, 132, 137, 157, 169, 175

Richards I.A. 142

Rickey V. 158

????? 185

Rickmann H.P.I34

Ricoeur P., ??. ' ? ?.128, 135, 145, 146

Ringle M.D.I70

Robey D. 142, 143

Robinson I. 150

Rootselaar B. van 158

RortyA. 139

Rorty R., ??. ' ??' . 138, 148, 169

Rosenberg J.F. 140, 164

Rosenkrantz R.D. 171

Ross J.R. 140 Roth M. 137

Routley R., ??. ' ?'' . 132, 139

Rundle B. 155

Ruse M. 168

Ryan A. 136

Ryan M. 148

Saarinen E. 159, 165

Sadock J.140

Salmon N. 163

SalusP.H. 142

Sampson G. 149, 150

Sapir E. 150

Savage C.W. 170

Savage L.J., ??. ' ? '. '. 171

Sayer D. 145

Schaff A. 129, 150

Schefflerl. 156, 174

Schiffer S.R. 141

Schupp P. A. 172

Schlesinger G.N. 137

Schwartz S.P. 161, 163

Scott D. 158

Scruton R., ??. ' ??'?? . 140

Searle J.R., ??. ' ?'? '.. 140, 141, 158, 162

Sebag l. 145

Sebeok T.A. 142, 144.

Sellars W., ?? ' ''?? ?. 140, 159

Seung T.K. 143

Seuren P. 153

Shapere D. 173

Shapiro G. 135

Sheridan A. 145

Shoemaker S., ??. ' ???? . 139, 170

ShopeR.K. 138

Shorter J.M. 140

Sicha J. 159

Simon H.A. 167, 168

Singer P. 128 Skala H.J. 156

SklarL. 168

Skolimowski H. 129

SkyrmsB. 160

Sloat C. 162

Sloman A. 170

Smart J.J.C., ??. ' ??' '.'. 171

Smith N. 150

Smith S.B. 146

Sneed J.D., ??. ' ? '. '. 168

Sommers F. 132

SorabjiR. 161 SosaE. 160

SousaR.B. de 163

Spivak G. 148

Stalnaker R., ??. ' '?'??? . 159, 161

Stampe D.W. 141

Stanton M. 146

Stegm?ller W., ??. ' '??''? '. 127, 133, 133, 155

Steinberg D. 141, 153, 162

SteniusE.159

StenlundS. 155

Stern R. 154

Stich S.P. 152

Stove D.C. 173

Stoy J. 158

Strawson P.P., ??. ' '????? ?.?. 141, 164

Stroud B. 175

Sturrock J. 144, 148

Suppe F., ??.' ? ?. 169, 174

Suppes P. 151, 168

SwartzN. 161

Swinburne R., ??. ' ??+?? . 139, 168

Szrednicki J. 158

186 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

 

Taylor '. 165

Taylor ., ??. ' ??'?? . 135, 136

Thiselton A.C. 135

Thomas D. 136

Thomas S.N. 170

ThomasonR.H. 155

Thompson E.P. 145

Thompson J.B. 130

Toulmin S.E., ??. ' ?'?? .-. 174

Turkic S. 146

 

Ullman-Margalit E. 136

Unger P., ??. ' ??? ?. 137

Urquart A. 157

Urry J. 136

 

Vachek J. 142

Vade M. 145

Vendler Z. 163

VeseyG. 152, 166

Vincent J.M. 145

 

Wagner C. 172

Wahl F. 144

Wallace J., ??. ' ??''? '. 128, 162

Wanner E. 153 WexlerK. 153

Wiggins D., ??. ' '?? '. 139, 161

Williams '. 139

Williams M. 137

Wilson D. 131, 150

Wilson E.O., ??. ' ?'??? -.?. 140

Wilson N.L. 141

Winch P., ??. ' ?? ?. 136

Wollheim R. 146

Woods J. 161

Wright ., ??. ' ?' ?. 166

Wright G.H. von, ??. ' '?' '.. '?? 131, 135, 137

Zabeeh F. 157, 158

ZifRP., ??. ' -'' ?. 141, 151, 162

?'??'T ???-?'

????? 187

??''? '?'?? 66?'67, 103?'104, 123

??'?-????? ''???'? 9, 12, 14, 18, 19?'21, 34, 39, 63, 84, 123, 133, 135?'136

??'?'? 83, 91?'93, 94, 98, 102, 103, 105, 110, 120, 123, 166

 

'???' ??'??'????' 33, 38, 39, 111?'112

'?'?? 17, 18, 36, 84, 107

'?'? ''???'? 140, 168

'??? 23, 41, 42?'43, 106

 

'???'???'? 61, 114?'115, 160, 171?'172

'????' ??' 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60?'66, 67?'68, 96, 161

'????? '? 55, 156?'157

'??????'? 44?'45, 46, 152

''???' ?' 23, 138

 

''????'? 34

'???' 20, 21, 119, 122, 126, 134?'135, 146, 175

''?+??' ?'??'??' 41?'42, 48?'49, 76, 151, 154, 165

 

'??? 65, 69

'???'??? 38, 148

'??'?? '? 16, 161

'??'??' ?' 67?'68, 70

'????' 18, 94, 140

 

?'?'??' ' 68, 103?'105, 120, 139, 163

 

-??' ???' 24, 61, 74?'75, 138, 171

-'?+?? 62, 160

-? 31?'33, 38?'39, 41, 42, 142, 144

-?? 16, 21?'22, 44, 124

???? 44, 45, 85?'86, 88, 89

???'?? 13, 102, 120, 130, 167, 169, 174

-?? 28?'29, 39, 40, 43, 47, 68, 76?'77, 78, 79?'80, 81?'82, 83, 84?'91, 92?'93, 106, 166

 

?? '??? 59, 60

??? ??+?'??' 66, 67?'68, 69, 83, 87, 162?'163

??'? 14, 15, 16, 17, 30, 74

??'????'??? '? 54, 55?'56

??'? (?????) 28?'29, 39, 40, 41, 72

??'???'????'? 23, 28, 72, 108, 156

??'???? 71, 87?'89, 99

?????'???? ?'''' ???' 108?'109, 170

???'?''?? ?????' 116?'117, 118

??'? 47, 52, 56, 60, 66?'67, 69, 71, 77, 78, 83, 89?'90, 96?'97, 120, 124, 126, 165

??'????' ??'?? 49, 51, 56, 63, 77, 88?'89, 93, 121, 136, 140

 

??' '???' 23, 138 ??'?? ?? 18, 98, 99, 100?'101, 132, 171

????'???'? 33, 75, 97, 110, 113

???? 58?'60, 78, 98, 159

???'??''??? ''???'? 12, 19?'21, 33, 37, 119, 133?'134

???'?''? '?'?? 61?'63, 64, 65, 78, 88?'89, 160, 161

'??' 13?'14, 19, 29, 31?'33, 36, 41-^6, 50, 107, 150

'?

????? 55, 156?'157

??'?? 16, 161

?'????'??? 54, 55?'56

?'?'?? 14?'17, 37, 49, 130?'131

??'??? 16, 53, 157?'158, 161

188 '?? ??????. ?????' ''???''

?'???'??? 15

????'??? 17, 132

??'?? 55?'56, 158?'159

?'?'?? 16, 17, 132

''???'?? 9, 14, 128, 130?'131

'? ''???'? 14, 131

'??? '??? 14, 52, 55, 73, 76, 79, 151, 164

'?? ???' 15?'17

'??? ?'? 18, 90

 

???? 11?'12, 13, 36, 128?'129, 136, 143, 145?'146, 147

????' '???' 68, 79, 163

?'?'?? '? 14?'17, 37, 49, 130?'131

?'?' 19, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 116, 167

?'?' ''???'? 87, 92, 99?'100, 116, 167

?'?'? 22?'23, 69?'70, 74?'75, 106?'107, 138, 170

???'

????'???? ?'''' 108?'109, 170

 

???? 106?'107, 108, 130?'131

 

??? 16, 21?'22, 23, 30, 58, 59, 63?'64, 71, 74?'75, 80, 81, 91, 107?'109

????' '??? 49, 53, 56, 111, 157

??'??? '? 16, 53, 157?'158, 161

???' ''???'? 9?'10, 128

 

?+'?? '??? 89, 98, 101, 116?'117, 169, 174

???' ??' 24, 61, 74?'75, 138, 171

?? ''???'? 13, 17?'18, 99?'102, 107, 113?'114, 115?'122, 129?'130, 145, 167?'170, 171, 173?'174

??+????'? 26, 66?'67, 68?'70, 99, 105, 120, 161, 163

?'???'??? '? 15

????'? 24, 91, 94, 97, 99?'100, 159

 

?+'??'? ?' 13, 14' 27, 41, 50?'52, 54?'55, 71, 87, 92, 101, 155, 156

??'???? ''???'? 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 71?'72, 87, 140, 141

?'?'' 42, 112, 114, 167

 

???' 101?'103, 117, 169

????' '?? 15?'17

?????'??? '? 17, 132

??? 54?'55, 78, 80, 86, 93, 102, 124, 154, 166

???'?'??'??'? 37?'40

???'? 13, 101, 112, 122, 126, 175

???'?? '? 55?'56, 158?'159

??'?? ''???'? 10?'11

??????'?72?'74, 75, 100, 160

??????'??' ??'?? 75, 82, 165

????'???'??'??? 18, 22, 23

???'?? 45, 76, 80, 107, 109, 114, 115

??'?? 18, 45, 107, 137, 152, 170

'? 26, 64, 91?'93, 94, 98?'99, 100, 105, 110?'111, 112?'113, 117, 120, 122, 123?'124, 166, 171, 173

'?'?? '? 16, 17, 132

' ''???'? 121?'122, 128, 161

'?'? 94, 97?'98, 102?'103, 111, 114, 118?'119, 120, 121, 122

'??? 60, 67?'68, 77, 86, 103, 104?'105, 107?'108, 112?'113

' '' 13, 28?'29, 34, 39, 79, 129, 140, 150

 

??' 20, 24, 38?'39, 48?'60, 63, 72?'73, 76?'90, 91, 128, 153?'154, 164?'166

??'? ???' 47?'48, 60, 154

??'?? 31, 35, 144

?'?? 42, 45, 47, 48, 52, 53?'55, 56

'?????' 61, 114, 160

'?? 14, 76, 90

?'??' ?? ''???'? 9, 18, 130, 135?'136, 169

??'?? ??? 13, 102, 120, 130, 167, 169, 174

'??'??'? 13, 33?'37, 40?'41, 42?'43, 46, 111, 142?'145

?+?'? 98, 114, 171?'172

?%???' 26

??'? '???' 101, 141

????? 189

???

? 59, 60

?+'?? 89, 98, 101, 116?'117, 169, 174

????' '??? 49, 53, 56, 111, 157

???'

????' 68, 79, 163

'??'? 101, 141

?????''??' ????'' 28, 141

??'? 24?'26, 38, 39, 54, 57, 66, 69?'70, 73, 74, 75, 80, 106, 139, 164, 170

???? ???' 106?'107, 108, 130?'131

 

??? 44-45, 46, 47, 49, 85, 152

????' 24, 138

??'?? ?'????' 49, 51, 56, 63, 77, 88?'89, 93, 121, 136, 140

 

?'?'?????'? 90, 116

???? 10, 125

?????'? 91, 93, 175

??????'?? 20, 130, 145, 165

?'? 96, 108, 112, 120, 131

?'???'?

?'?-????? 9, 12, 14, 18, 19?'21, 34, 39, 63, 84, 123, 133, 135?'136

+?'? 140, 168

??'?' 17, 22, 62?'63, 132, 160

??'? 17, 19, 20

'??? 18, 19, 20, 133

?'' 19, 133

?? 21

??'?? 19, 134

??'?? 19

? ??? ?, 19, 20, 33?'42, 133

?? 84, 94?'95, 123?'126, 174?'175

??'??''??? 12, 19?'21, 33, 37, 119, 133?'134

'? 14, 131

?'?' 87, 92, 99?'100, 116, 167

???' ''???'? 9?'10, 128

?? 13, 17?'18, 99?'102, 107, 113?'114, 115?'122, 129?'130, 145, 167?'170, 171, 173?'174

??'???? 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 71?'72, 87, 140, 141

?'?? 10?'11

?' 121?'122, 128, 161

??'??' ?? 9, 18, 130, 135?'136, 169

?' 14, 20, 27?'29, 50?'51, 83?'87

?'???'?? '? 9, 14, 128, 130?'131

???? '??? 14, 52, 55, 73, 76, 79, 151, 164

?????'? 106?'109, 170

 

?'? 79, 86?'87, 110

 

??'??' ??' 22, 50, 94?'95, 117

 

-?'?'? 33?'34, 35, 145

-?'????'????'? 53, 77, 78, 82

-??? 19, 27, 32, 38, 43, 44, 46, 84, 85, 110, 121, 140, 142

-?'??'?? 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 34, 56, 80, 84, 98, 99, 111, 118, 119, 124, 125, 126, 129, 137?'138, 154, 170

' ?+'??'? 13, 14, 27, 41, 50?'52, 54?'55, 71, 87, 92, 101, 155, 156

' ''???'? 14, 20, 27?'29, 50?' 51, 83?'87

'?' ?' 78, 85, 119, 159

 

???? ?

'-?? ???? ?'???' ??'???'

??? ? ?'???? '. '. ???

????'?? ?. ?+?'?? ???'??? ?'???'? ??-????

??? '. ?. ???????

' ?'???'? ??'???' ???? '?? ??? ???'-?' ??-????

??-????

?' '- 00208 ?' 10 ?'?+?? 1999 123056 ??? ???? '. . 6

?? ?

????' ????? ??

? ?'?' ? ? ''. 247.17.57 (?. ''???'), 939.47.13 ('???+?' ??', ?'?, 1-? ??., ?'. ?.)

????? '? 12.11.2001 ????' 70x100/16. '??'?? ?? ???-??? ?'? ?'?'??. '?? ?'?'?? '- 1. ?. '. 12 ? 3000 ?. - '- 360

 

?''??'? '??-????' ?' ?'? ?'?'? '??? ???? ''??? ??' 80-''? '???'? ??-??

1. ''?? ???. '??? ???. 256 ?.

?? ??''?' ???+?? ????'? ?' ??'???? ' ?-' ??' ('. ??'' ?' '? '???? ??) ??? ?'?? ???? ??'???? XX . ?+???? ?''''?'? ???+?'? ?' ?????' ?'??? '???? ?'? ? 1937 .

2. '???T ??-?? ? 'ERKENNTNIS'. 560 ?.

+??? ?' '?? ??''? '??? ??? ? '?'? ??? -???' 'Erkenntnis' ?' ?+'?? ?+?' ??' ?'??-?' ?''? ?? ? 1930 ? 1937 . ??'? ? ?'?'' +??' ?' ??' ? ????? ?'. -'? ?''? ?. '; . ???; ?. ???'; '. ??'?; ?. '?; ?. '?????; -. '?'? ? ?' '?'??' '?': ??'? ??, ?'?, ??, ???'????? ??'? '?, ?'?, ??'?' ???'? ?' ?.

3. '?- ? ??'''? (1930?'1952). 720 ?. 2 ''.

+???() ?''?, ??''??% ?''? ????'?? ????' ?'??'?? ?'? ?????' '???? ?'? ?+?' '?? '?'???? ??' '???? ?? ( ?. '?'?, '. ??+, ?. '?''?, '. '?+?'); '?? '????-'????? ??'' ('??, ?. ???, '?????, -???, ?. ??? ?.), ?'' ??' (. '???, ?. ???, ?. ??? ?.), ? (?. ????, -. ?'?, .??, ?. ''??) ??'? ? ?'?'' +??' ?' ??' ? ????? ?'.

4. ?''? ? ???? '???'? ??-??: ???+' '???? ?'? ? '???? ?'?? XX . (1952?'1970). 800 ?. 2 ''.

+???() ?''? ??''??' ?''? ????'???? ????'?? '' '???? ???? ??+?' '?? '???? ?'? ????????? ? (???)', ' ????'?? '??? ? '???? ?'? ? ''???'? XX ., ?' ? -, ' ???. '?'????'? ?+?' +??' ?' ??''?' ? ?????? ?'. ? '???: ?. '?'?, '. ??+, ?. ????, ?. ?, -. ?'?, . ???, ?. ???, '??'???', ?. ???, ???? ?. ' ?+??? ??''?? '?? ?''? ?????? ''?-??'?, ??+''?% ??+'?'? '???? ?'?.

???''?? ??? ?'?''??' ?''? ?? ''??'?'-??? ?'?' '? ?'???'?? ? ?.

' ''??' '??-????' ''?? ?''''?'???? ?' '?' ?' ?:

???????' ?.'. '???'? ?? '?'??'. ?' 240 ?'?. ???????' ?.'. '??'???? ?????'. ?' 256 ?'?. '??' ?. '. ''?'??? ?'???'. ?' 240 ?'?. ???-?. '??'???? ?-????'. ?' 240 ?'?. '?'???'T '?'?'?-?'. ?' 256 ?'?. '??'??'-. '????????T ??'???'. ?' 208 ?'?. ???'???? ??'????: '??'? ?'. ?' 540 ?'?. ?' '. '???'? ?''?'. ?' 240 ?'?. ??'???? ' XX .: ???.

?R?''. '???'?'? ? '?'???T ???'?- -'??'. ?' 240 ?'?. ??? '-. '?-'????'. ?' 336 ?'?. ?' '. '?''?'??? -???? ? ???''. ?' 400 ?'?.

??' ?. '??????? ?????': ?'??? ?'

?''? ??'??'? XX .' ?' 372 ?'?.

?'?'. ''?-?????'?? ? ?-'?? ?????'? ????'. ?' 240 ?'?.

P ??' '. '???? ?-????'. ?' 400 ?'?.

??' ?. '? ?????'. ?' 208 ?'?.

??-'. '?????? ???'??'? ????'???'. ?' 224 ?'?.

??'? . ''?'?? ???'? ? ???'?'T ??'??'. ?' 320 ?'?.

?? . '??? ?-????'. ?' 264 ?'?. -

'??? ?. '?? ??? ??'???'. ?' 272 ?'?.

??'' . '? ' -? -???? ??? ?'? ? ''???'?'. ?' 84 ?'?.

???????' ?. '. '???'? ??'?????'. ?' 168 ?'?. ?.

????: '? ???'?. ????'??? ???: ?? ' ('+'?' Fort/Da) || slavaaa@yandex.ru || yanko_slava@yahoo.com || http://yanko.lib.ru || Icq# 75088656 || '+'?': http://yanko.lib.ru/gum.html ||

update 13.03.06